<p>Gun Island is one of the larger islands in the Pelsaert Group of the Houtman Abrolhos, in the Indian Ocean off the west coast of Australia. It is nominally located at {{coord|28|53|10|S|113|51|35|E|region:AU-WA_dim:5km_type:isle|display=inline,title}}, about 4 km north and east of Half Moon Reef and is a flat limestone outcrop of about 800 m by 420 m in size. The island is part of the Houtman Abrolhos Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for supporting large numbers of breeding seabirds.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Between June 1727 and March 1728, crew of the Dutch VOC ship Zeewyk were stranded on the island after it struck Half Moon Reef. After a longboat with 11 seamen which had been despatched to go for help had failed to return, the remaining survivors constructed a 20 m sloop from the wreckage, which they named the Sloepie. Of the 88 who survived the ordeal, 82 arrived in Batavia on 30 April 1728.</p><br>
<p>During admiralty surveys of the north-west coast in 1840, crew from HMS Beagle discovered a brass gun of about three pounds calibre and an iron swivel on which paint was still adhered. Captain Stokes with Commander John Clements Wickham named the place Gun Island. They also discovered several coins, including one dated about 1707 and another dated 1720. Also seen was what appeared to be the beam of a ship with an iron bolt through it, and glass bottles and clay pipes. The material was presumed to have been left there by the Zeewyk castaways, 112 years earlier.</p><br>
<p>In 1883, Charles Edward Broadhurst, who had been granted a lease for guano export, discovered several campsites and seal bones there, which had evidentially been killed for sustenance by the Zeewyk crew.</p><br>
<p>Gun Island was one of the most heavily worked islands of the Abrolhos Islands for guano. Guano workings continued on a commercial scale from the 1880s to the 1920s, and again in the mid-1940s. A 100 m stone jetty built for loading guano on the south-eastern corner is still intact.</p><br>
<p>A yacht, the Nautilus was wrecked at Gun Island in 1897.</p><br>
<p>A stratigraphic test well was drilled on Gun Island (28º53&#39;30.11"S, 113º51&#39;27.0"E) by BP Petroleum Development Australia in June–November 1968. It was drilled within the Perth Basin and reached a total depth (TD) of 3725 m (12,220 ft). The extent of the drilling platform near the wharf can still be seen on satellite images today.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>An archaeological expedition by members of the Western Australian Museum was made to the island in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Gun Island is classified as having &#39;High&#39; conservation significance and is one of the seven protected zones in the Abrolhos Islands. Protected zone restrictions mean that "visitors shall not carry out any digging or major earthworks within the zones around declared maritime archaeological sites unless permitted to do so", and that they shall also not take metal detecting devices onto the island.</p><br>
<p>A 20 m wide rock called "Gun Islet" is situated about 30 m off the southern tip of the island.</p><br>
<p>The Holyoke Range or Mount Holyoke Range is a traprock mountain range located in the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts. It is a sub-range of the narrow, linear Metacomet Ridge that extends from Long Island Sound near New Haven, Connecticut north through the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts to the Vermont border. A popular hiking destination, the range is known for its anomalous east-west orientation, high ledges and its scenic character. It is also notable for its unique microclimate ecosystems and rare plant communities, as well as significant historic sites, such as the Mount Holyoke Summit House and the Horse Caves.</p><br>
<h2>Holyoke Range vs. Mount Holyoke Range</h2><br>
<p>Both names for the range are frequently cited by reputable published sources. For instance, both the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation and the non-profit Friends of the Mount Holyoke Range use Mount Holyoke Range, two longstanding popular retail hiking maps published by Newall Printing, the 1999 version of the Appalachian Mountain Club (AMC)s Metacomet-Monadnock Trail Guide, and the 1989 version of the AMCs Massachusetts and Rhode Island Trail Guide). However, the AMC&#39;s 2004 Massachusetts Trail Guide uses "Mt. Holyoke Range" and the United States Board on Geographic Names now uses "Mount Holyoke Range".) Both names as well as the abbreviated Mt. Holyoke Range are used locally.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Holyoke Range, located within the towns of South Hadley, Hadley, Granby, Amherst, and Belchertown, rises steeply between 300 ft and 1,100 ft above the Connecticut River Valley below; it has an east-west orientation and is roughly 9.5 mi long by 2.5 mi wide at its widest point, although the steepness of the terrain makes the actual square mileage much larger. The high point of range is the summit of Mount Norwottuck, 1,106 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Notable peaks include, (from west to east) Mount Holyoke 935 ft; the Seven Sisters, a series of ridgeline knobs with a high point of 945 ft; Mount Hitchcock 1,002 ft; Bare Mountain 1,014 ft; Mount Norwottuck 1,106 ft; Long Mountain 920 ft and Harris Hill 550 ft. Round Mountain between Bare and Norwottuck has been removed by quarrying. A series of smaller, unnamed traprock hills continue from Long Mountain to the eastern end of the range. Another series of hills descends north from the range into the towns of Hadley and Amherst. Some of these have names: Tinker Hill 685 ft and Little Tinker Hill 545 ft located at the base of Mount Hitchcock in Hadley; Mount Pollux 331 ft and Mount Castor 308 ft, between Mount Norwottuck and the center of Amherst. The Metacomet Ridge, of which the Holyoke Range is a part, continues west and south across the Connecticut River as the Mount Tom Range. The Metacomet Ridge is broken to the north; the Holyoke Range is separated from the Pocumtuck Ridge, 9 mi away by a relatively low-lying area punctuated with occasional rises.</p><br>
<p>The north side of the Holyoke Range drains into the Fort River, thence to the Connecticut River and Long Island Sound; the south side drains into Bachelor Brook, then into the Connecticut River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mount Holyoke, at the western edge of the range, received its name from Elizur Holyoke, a 17th-century colonial settler of the Springfield, Massachusetts region. Folklore suggests that Holyoke named the mountain after himself. The City of Holyoke, Mount Holyoke College, and the Holyoke Range were in turn named after the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Before 1821, very little history had been recorded about the Holyoke Range that distinguished it from the surrounding landscape. Native Americans inhabited the area around the Holyoke Range for at least 10,000 years; they grew maize, tobacco, beans, squash and other crops in the Connecticut River floodplain, clearing small sections of forest by burning to make room for their crops. They hunted and fished in the area, and made tools and arrowheads from the basalt rock of the Metacomet Ridge. Tensions between the Pocumtuc Native American tribe and colonial settlers, who began arriving in the region in the mid 17th century, reached a head in 1675 with the outbreak of King Philips War, a conflict involving colonists and a confederacy of Native American tribes across southern New England under the leadership of the sachem Metacomet. More settlers arrived after the war ended with the defeat of the Native Americans, and by the early 19th century, most of the regions current towns had been established and most of the land had been cleared of trees to make room for farms. Farmers were particularly attracted to the rich soils of the region—one of the few places in New England where tobacco can be grown with commercial success. Rugged highlands, such as the Holyoke Range and Mount Tom Range, although unsuitable for farming, were often harvested of timber to produce charcoal, a primary source of fuel for the steel industry prior to the extraction of coal in the mid-Appalachians. Highland areas were also burned of timber when lowland fires, set to clear land for farms, raged out of control. However, by the early 20th century, after agricultural interests shifted west and charcoaling became unprofitable, rural New England became largely forested again. A 2004 ecological resource study conducted for the National Park Service suggests that the Metacomet Ridge may have remained more or less forested (cleared only intermittently) throughout New England&#39;s agricultural period, thereby allowing the area to retain its biologic diversity through the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Increasing urbanization and industrialization in 19th century New England resulted in an opposing aesthetic transcendentalist movement characterized by the paintings of the Hudson River School of American landscape painters such as Frederic Edwin Church and Thomas Cole (who, in 1836, famously painted the Connecticut River from sketches he made from the summit of Mount Holyoke), the work of landscape architects such as Frederick Law Olmsted, and the writings of philosophers like Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. This philosophical, artistic, and environmental movement transformed many areas of the Metacomet Ridge (as well as other places in New England) from a commercial resource to a recreational and aesthetic resource.</p><br>
<p>Hotels, parks, and summer estates were built on the mountains from the mid-1880s to the early 20th century. Route 47 borders its west end. Down its middle is cut Route 116 from South Hadley to Amherst. Formerly, along the east edge of this highway ran the Holyoke to Amherst trolley tracks. The bed is still visible along most of its mountain route.</p><br>
<h3>The Mount Holyoke Summit House</h3><br>
<h3>Other historic events</h3><br>
<p>The Horse Caves, a series of sedimentary rock overhangs located many hundreds of feet beneath the summit of Mount Norwottuck, are believed to have been used as a bivouac by rebels during Shays&#39;s Rebellion of 1786.</p><br>
<p>Edward Hitchcock, a former professor of geology at Amherst College with a colorful history, coined the term "Scenographical Geology" in 1841 to describe the dramatic geologic landscape of the Holyoke Range. Hitchcock renamed several of the natural features of the range, including Mount Norwottuck (originally called Hilliard Knob) and Titan&#39;s Piazza, a columnar basalt outlook on Mount Holyoke. Hitchcock is also famous for suggesting that local dinosaur tracks discovered in the Triassic sediments near the range had been produced by an ancient species of bird (the relationship between modern birds and prehistoric dinosaurs would not be established by scientists until the latter half of the 20th century). A summit of the Holyoke Range is named after Hitchcock.</p><br>
<p>Every year in October since 1838, students from nearby Mount Holyoke College participate in Mountain Day. On that day, at the sound of ringing bells from Abbey Chapel on a random Autumn morning, all classes are cancelled and students hike to the summit of Mount Holyoke.</p><br>
<p>On May 27, 1944, a B-24, flying a night training mission out of Westover Army Air Field in Chicopee, Massachusetts, crashed into the south flank of the range, killing all ten crewmen. A memorial plaque was placed onto the summit of Mount Holyoke to eulogize the disaster. The plaque is about 150 feet east of the house but the actual crash site is down the southern flanks in the woods.</p><br>
<p>The Five Colleges Library Depository is located on the north side of Bare Mountain in the Holyoke Range, within a subterranean bunker formerly occupied by the United States Air Force Strategic Air Command (SAC). The bunker was created to provide commanders of SAC at the Westover Air Force Base in Chicopee, Massachusetts shelter in the event of a Cold War-era nuclear weapons attack. The three story bunker features 3 foot (1 m) thick walls, a 1.5 foot (.5 m) thick steel blast door, and is located 20 ft underground.</p><br>
<p>Both the Holyoke Range and the Mount Tom Range were part of a 1966 proposal by the National Park Service for a "Connecticut River National Recreation Area." Although the project was never realized, it has been followed through in spirit by a number of similar local and national conservation efforts, including an increased effort to acquire land on both ranges for state park expansion, See also the original National Park Service proposal and study.</p><br>
<h3>The Tofu Curtain</h3><br>
<p>The Holyoke Range has been nicknamed the Tofu Curtain as a divider between Hampshire and Hampden Counties. The nickname refers to a socioeconomic. cultural and sometimes political divide between the wealthier Hampshire County and its affluent Five College Consortium to the north and the working class Hampden County to the south, which comprises the cities of Holyoke and Springfield, as well as their surrounding towns and cities. While this southern part of the Massachusetts Pioneer Valley is the second largest metropolitan region in the state, areas of it are economically depressed with Holyokes average 2017 annual household income ranked at $14,000. Meanwhile, the towns of Northampton and Amherst to the north are home to many worker cooperatives and small businesses that often manufacture or sell natural products (such as tofu) to a more affluent population.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and environment</h2><br>
<p>The ridge of the Holyoke Range was formed 200 million years ago during the late Triassic and early Jurassic periods and is composed of traprock, also known as basalt, an extrusive volcanic rock. Basalt is a dark colored rock, but the iron within it weathers to a rusty brown when exposed to the air, lending the ledges a distinct reddish appearance. Basalt frequently breaks into octagonal and pentagonal columns, creating a unique "postpile" appearance. Huge slopes made of fractured basalt talus are visible beneath many of the ledges; they are particularly visible along the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail on Bare Mountain. The basalt ridges are the product of several massive lava flows hundreds of feet deep that welled up in faults created by the rifting apart of North America from Eurasia and Africa. These basalt floods of lava happened over a period of 20 million years. Erosion occurring between the eruptions deposited deep layers of sediment between the lava flows, which eventually lithified into sedimentary rock. The resulting "layer cake" of basalt and sedimentary sheets eventually faulted and tilted upward. Subsequent erosion wore away the weaker sedimentary layers a faster rate than the basalt layers, leaving the abruptly tilted edges of the basalt sheets exposed, creating the distinct linear ridge and dramatic cliff faces visible today. One way to imagine this is to picture a layer cake tilted slightly up with some of the frosting (the sedimentary layer) removed in between. One of the best places to view this layer-cake structure in the Holyoke Range is on Mount Norwottuck. The summit of Norwottuck is made of basalt; directly beneath the summit are the Horse Caves, a deep overhang where the weaker sedimentary layer has worn away at a more rapid rate than the basalt layer above it.</p><br>
<p>The Holyoke Range hosts a combination of microclimates unusual in New England. Dry, hot upper ridges support oak savannas, often dominated by chestnut oak and a variety of understory grasses and ferns. Eastern red cedar, a dry-loving species, clings to the barren edges of cliffs. Backslope plant communities tend to be more similar to the adjacent Berkshire plateau containing species common to the northern hardwood and oak-hickory forest forest types. Eastern hemlock crowds narrow ravines, blocking sunlight and creating damp, cooler growing conditions with associated cooler climate plant species. Talus slopes are especially rich in nutrients and support a number of calcium-loving plants uncommon in Massachusetts. Because the traprock ridges generate such varied terrain, they are the home of several plant and animal species that are state-listed or globally rare, such as the timber rattlesnake.</p><br>
<p>The Holyoke Range is also an important seasonal raptor migration path.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>A seasonal auto road climbs to the summit of Mount Holyoke and many miles of trails criss-cross the range, including the 110 mi Metacomet-Monadnock Trail and the 47 mi Robert Frost Trail. The range is used for picnicking, hiking, backcountry skiing, cross-country skiing, mountain biking, horseback riding, bird watching, hunting (in season), and snowshoeing. An interpretive center is located in "The Notch" on Route 116 on the tri-border of Granby, Amherst, and South Hadley.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>Much of the Holyoke Range has been conserved as part of Massachusetts&#39;s J.A. Skinner State Park and Mount Holyoke Range State Park. Other parcels are managed by non-profit organizations and town conservation commissions, or are private property. In 2000, the Holyoke Range was included in a study by the National Park Service for the designation of a new National Scenic Trail which was designated on March 30, 2009 as the New England National Scenic Trail, which includes most of the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail in Massachusetts and the Mattabesett Trail and Metacomet Trail trails in Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>Quarrying on the range has resulted in the loss of a prominent peak, Round Mountain, once located between Bare Mountain and Mount Norwottuck. In response to a proposed suburban development on the Seven Sisters part of the range in the late 1990s, several non-profit groups and local governments worked together to block construction and acquire the ridgeline for the Skinner State Park. Non-profit conservation organizations invested in the protection of the Holyoke Range and its viewshed include the,, the, and the.</p><br>
<p>Provin Mountain is a very narrow traprock mountain ridge located in the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts. It is part of the Metacomet Ridge which extends from Long Island Sound near New Haven, Connecticut, north through the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts to the Vermont border. Provin Mountain is known for its scenic cliffs, unique microclimate ecosystems, and rare plant communities. It is traversed by the 114 mile  Metacomet-Monadnock Trail.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Provin Mountain rises steeply between 200 and above the river valleys of the Connecticut River and Westfield River below, with a high point of 600 ft above sea level. It is roughly 5 mi long but is not much more than 0.5 mi wide at its widest point, although the steepness of the terrain makes the actual square mileage much larger.</p><br>
<p>The Provin Mountain ridgeline extends from the Connecticut border (near the Suffield hamlet of Rising Corner) to the Westfield River on the tri-border of Westfield, West Springfield, and Agawam, Massachusetts; it lies within the towns of Southwick, Agawam, and Westfield. The Metacomet Ridge continues north from the Westfield River as East Mountain and continues south into Connecticut as West Suffield Mountain. The south side of the mountain drains into the Connecticut River, thence to Long Island Sound; the rest of the mountain drains into the Westfield River, thence to the Connecticut River.</p><br>
<p>The mountain hosts several underground reservoirs which augment the water supply of municipal Springfield.</p><br>
<h2>Broadcast transmission</h2><br>
<p>Located at the summit of Provin Mountain is where the original studios and current transmitters for WWLP exist. WWLP first signed on from this location in March 1953. WWLP&#39;s studios remained there until 2000, when they were moved to Chicopee. The transmitter has remained there, as well as the current 475 foot (139 m) tower. WAQY, WHTX-LP, and WDMR-LP also maintain transmitters there. WUCS used to operate from this site as WPKX, prior to moving to Hartford in 2012. It is also home to numerous cellular, paging and two-way radio users.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and ecology</h2><br>
<p>Provin Mountain, like much of the Metacomet Ridge, is composed of basalt, also called traprock, a volcanic rock. The mountain formed near the end of the Triassic Period with the rifting apart of the North American continent from Africa and Eurasia. Lava welled up from the rift and solidified into sheets of strata hundreds of feet thick. Subsequent faulting and earthquake activity tilted the strata, creating the cliffs and ridgeline of Provin Mountain. Hot, dry upper slopes, cool, moist ravines, and mineral-rich ledges of basalt talus produce a combination of microclimate ecosystems on the mountain that support plant and animal species uncommon in greater Massachusetts. Provin Mountain is also an important raptor migration path. (See Metacomet Ridge for more information on the geology and ecosystem of Provin Mountain).</p><br>
<h2>Conservation and recreation</h2><br>
<p>Provin Mountain is used for hiking, mountain biking, cross country skiing, hunting, and snowshoeing; many cliffs provide sweeping views of the rural countryside to the west and the urban landscape of metropolitan Springfield, Massachusetts to the east.</p><br>
<p>Threats to Provin Mountain and its unique habitats include suburban sprawl and quarrying. Although the northern edge of the mountain lies within Robinson State Park, much of the mountain is located on private land. Other landholders include local municipalities and conservation commissions. In 2000, Provin Mountain was included in a study by the National Park Service for the designation of a new National Scenic Trail now tentatively called the New England National Scenic Trail, which would include the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail in Massachusetts and the Mattabesett and Metacomet trails in Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>The John Sedgley Homestead is a historic homestead property at Scituate and Chases Pond Road in the York Corner area of York, Maine. Its oldest structure built in the late First Period, probably c. 1715, it is the oldest homestead in the State of Maine that is still in its original setting. Historically the homestead included a cape, farm home, carriage house, stables building, two outbuildings, and a large land holding, all of which is still existing today. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Jonathan Sedgley</h2><br>
<p>Jonathan Sedgley was born in England between 1680 and 1690 and was a turner by trade. He came to York as a young man, and married in January 1714 to Miss Elizabeth Adams, the seventh child of Thomas and Hannah Adams, a prominent York family, cousins of President John Adams&#39; family of Quincy, Massachusetts. Thomas Adams gave the plot of land upon which the homestead stands to the young couple in March 1715. Adams in January and December 1716 added two more lots to the Sedgley holdings and by middle life the latter, in addition to his trade as a turner had become a respected and prosperous landholder in York. Although not a leader in the community affairs himself, his son was elected Surveyor of Highways in 1775.</p><br>
<p>Since the Town of York, the second established town in Maine, and the first county seat in the state. It was almost completely wiped out by the great raid of the 1692 Abanaki Tribes. The John Sedgley Homestead presents one of the best and most substantial examples of the new settlement which was constructed and formed the foundation of the community of historic York on its frontier.</p><br>
<h2>Cape</h2><br>
<p>The cape was built about 1715 by Jonathan Sedgley, which was the first year his wife and he started living on the land. The structure sits on a granite foundation and has a gable roof. With an attached shed roof screened porch. It has a wood clapboard exterior, with a centrally aligned rectangular brick chimney. The structure is a low posted, Cape Cod–style dwelling, near symmetrical designed front façade. It is an L-shaped structure that stands one and a half stories tall. Entrance into the home can be through the southern façade (which is the near symmetrical aligned façade being referred to) or the eastern faćade. Even the exterior door skeleton keys are still present and functional, which are to the best of the owner&#39;s knowledge, original sets. It has open timber ceiling framed interiors with nineteenth-century six-over-six sash windows. The two open fireplaces, one in the Western and one in the Eastern rooms of the first story of the home, which historically would have been best known as the bedroom quarters and the hearth area respectively. The room in the North of the home also features a chimney and fireplace. The Cape is currently a one bedroom, one bathroom home with a second large living area above on the second floor.</p><br>
<h2>Farm house</h2><br>
<p>The farm house was built by Sedgley about 1720, and being that a growing family required larger quarters, Sedgley constructed the six-room, -story dwelling. This dwelling is more substantial than the first, although the older cape probably became a residence in due time for the oldest son, Jonathan Sedgley II. The house sits on a granite foundation. The 1720 original granite, U-shaped cellar, recently converted to a wine cellar. The original structure is rectangular in form and is symmetrical. It has a gable roof and a large rectangular brick chimney centrally extruding from it. It is a frame-constructed structure with a clapboard exterior. It has open timber ceiling framed interiors with nineteenth-century six-over-six sash windows. The dwelling has four open fireplaces and one open hearth fireplace used traditionally for preparation of the family&#39;s meals, in its completion of construction, this made for a total of one fireplace in each room of the first and second floors. Since the original structure it has twice had two-story additions, once in the nineteenth century and once in the twentieth century. The Farm House is currently a four bedroom, two bathroom house with a large livable third story area as well.</p><br>
<h2>Carriage house</h2><br>
<p>Built later in the nineteenth century by Jonathan Sedgley and Jonathan Sedgley II, being that the growing family required a shelter for their many carriages. It sits on a granite foundation. The original structure is rectangular in form and the front faćade is near symmetrical with an exterior 7 x 4 sliding track-and-wheels door. It has a gable roof and there is a brick chimney extruding from it. It is a frame-constructed structure with a clapboard exterior. Sometime in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century it was converted to a two-story dwelling. It has open timber ceiling framed interiors with nineteenth-century six-over-six sash windows. The Carriage House is currently a three bedroom, two bathroom home.</p><br>
<h2>Stables building</h2><br>
<p>This structure is directly overlays the footprint in were the frame-constructed stables structure once stood later in Jonathan Sedgley IIs life. With a granite foundation, the original two-story structure is rectangular in form with a gable roof and a wood clapboard exterior. A fully finished structure came to be in the twentieth century. Featuring a 25 x 25 exterior sliding track-and-wheels door to cover a very large area of window sashes, as well as two 7 x 4&#39; exterior sliding track-and-wheels doors on either side of the large one. It has open timber ceiling framed interiors. The Stable Building is currently not a dwelling structure.</p><br>
<h2>Outbuildings</h2><br>
<p>The cape and the farm home structures each have adjacent outbuildings, built on granite foundations. The two are both -story tall with gable-style roofs. The structures are wood clapboard exteriors with near symmetrical window and door alignments on the façades. The outbuilding adjacent to the farm home has a chimney feature. The two outbuildings took on later additions of shed roof structures, single-story shed or garage structure attached. One outbuilding features an eighteenth-century 7 x 4 exterior sliding track-and-wheels door. It has open timber ceiling framed interiors with nineteenth-century six-over-six sash windows. Both outbuildings are not currently dwelling structures.</p><br>
<h2>Land Holdings</h2><br>
<p>Presently The John Sedgley Homestead lies between Chases Pond Road and lower Scituate Road in York. Historically prior to the building of the Homestead, Chases Pond Road would have existed in some form of a path starting at the summit of Mount Agamenticus, winding around Chases Pond.</p><br>
<p>Following down near the historically noted Snowshoe Rock&#39;s Abenaki tribe area natives raid of York and the surrounding villages of southern Maine, the rock is less than 1,000 ft from the homestead. Continuing downward towards the lower ground of what could have been around the homestead property lines and following south toward the village centers of historic York or Kittery, Maine.</p><br>
<p>The structures sit respectively in that such order from highest ground to the lowest on the property. Even though only three acres was registered with The National Register of Historic Places as the direct footprint of the homestead foundations, it rested on a very large land holding. Near the northernmost point of the property, next to Scituate Road, is a very old stone-stacked water well that is currently not in use. There is a 30 ft&sup2; family cemetery not far from the homes that holds the first two generations of the Sedgley family as well as other that were part of the family- the Adams and Burbanks of the village. On the lower elevated parts of the property runs a small brook, with water attributing from Scituate Pond.</p><br>
<p>Historically it is believed the primary uses for the land would have been vegetable crops, fruit orchards, and livestock. About a half of a dozen heirloom apple, pear, and cherry trees still stand on the property currently. Some of the trees have girth sizes that date back at least 200 years old. The secondary uses of the land holdings may have very well served for recreational animals and traditional events like maypole and spinning hoop for the children. As well as activities like horseback riding for the whole family from the stables.</p><br>
<h2>Publications</h2><br>
<p>Previous Prive Business- The John Sedgley Homestead Restaurant Place Setting & Poster; Illustrated by: Rose Labrie c.1964</p><br>
<p>East Mountain is a traprock mountain ridge located in the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts. It is part of the narrow, linear Metacomet Ridge that extends from Long Island Sound near New Haven, Connecticut, north through the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts to the Vermont border. East Mountain is known for its extensive scenic cliffs, unique microclimate ecosystems, and rare plant communities. It is traversed by the 110 mi Metacomet-Monadnock Trail.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>East Mountain rises steeply between 350 and above the Connecticut River and Westfield River valleys below; it is roughly 9 mi long and 1.5 mi wide at its widest point, although the steepness of the terrain makes the actual square mileage much larger. The mountain includes many crests and tiered ridges, with a high point of 776 ft above sea level. Various lakes, ponds and reservoirs are located on it, including Snake Pond, a mountaintop kettle pond.</p><br>
<p>East Mountain extends from the Westfield River on the tri-border of Westfield, West Springfield, and Agawam, Massachusetts to the base of Mount Tom in Holyoke; it lies within the towns of Holyoke, Westfield, West Springfield. The Metacomet Ridge continues north as the Mount Tom Range and south across the Westfield River as Provin Mountain. The west and south sides of the mountain drain into the Westfield River, thence to the Connecticut River and Long Island Sound; the north and east sides of the mountain drain into the Connecticut River.</p><br>
<p>Because the mountain is an important regional aquifer, numerous reservoirs have been constructed on it slopes; these facilities provide drinking water and emergency drinking water to surrounding towns and cities. They include Bearhole Reservoir, MacLean Reservoir, Whiting Street Reservoir, and High Service Reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and ecology</h2><br>
<p>East Mountain, like much of the Metacomet Ridge, is composed of basalt, also called traprock, a volcanic rock. The mountain formed near the end of the Triassic Period with the rifting apart of the North American continent from Africa and Eurasia. Lava welled up from the rift and solidified into sheets of strata hundreds of feet thick. Subsequent faulting and earthquake activity tilted the strata, creating the cliffs and ridgeline of East Mountain. Hot, dry upper slopes, cool, moist ravines, and mineral-rich ledges of basalt talus produce a combination of microclimate ecosystems on the mountain that support plant and animal species uncommon in greater Massachusetts. East Mountain is also an important raptor migration path. (See Metacomet Ridge for more information on the geology and ecosystem of East Mountain).</p><br>
<h2>Conservation and recreation</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is used for hiking, mountain biking, cross country skiing, hunting, fishing, and snowshoeing. Although not a high mountain, it boasts more open ledge than any other mountain in Massachusetts, offering excellent views of the rural countryside to the west and the urban landscape of metropolitan Holyoke, Massachusetts to the east.</p><br>
<p>Threats to the mountain and its unique habitats and vistas include suburban sprawl and quarrying, which has been particularly damaging; the southern 1.5 mi of the ridgeline have been nearly obliterated by quarrying operations.</p><br>
<p>Although a large portion of the mountain lies within protected watershed lands, much of mountain is located on private land. Other landholders include hunting and fishing clubs and conservation commissions. In 2000, East Mountain was included in a study by the National Park Service for the designation of a new National Scenic Trail now tentatively called the New England National Scenic Trail, which would include the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail in Massachusetts and the Mattabesett Trail and Metacomet Trail trails in Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>Tuti Island  is an island in Sudan where the White Nile and Blue Nile merge to form the main Nile. It is surrounded by the "Three Towns": Khartoum , Omdurman , and Khartoum North . Despite this, Tuti is home to only one small village , with grassland being the main makeup of the island. In the past the only approach to Tuti Island was via several ferries that cross the river every so often, but now the Tuti Bridge, a modern suspension bridge, has been completed and can be used instead.</p><br>
<p>Tuti Island is mainly agricultural and where Khartoum gets most of its supply of fruits and vegetables and therefore, you can find many farms situated all around the island, many of them still using manual methods of farming. You will find acres of green fields and lime groves.</p><br>
<p>Its eight square kilometres (three square miles) of fertile land are covered in citrus orchards, vegetable farms, gorse hedgerows and narrow muddy lanes where donkeys and rickshaws are the main source of transport.</p><br>
<p>The building of the Tuti Bridge has sparked development projects on Tuti Island, primarily by, which plans to turn the Island into a state of the art tourist resort. These ideas have caused, with the locals wishing to protect their village from becoming a tourist destination.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Mount Norwottuck or Mount Norwottock, 1,106 ft feet above sea level, is the highest peak of the Holyoke Range of traprock mountains located in the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts and part of the greater Metacomet Ridge which stretches from Long Island Sound to nearly the Vermont border. The peak rises steeply from the valley 1,000 ft below and offers sweeping views of the surrounding countryside. It is located within the towns of Amherst and Granby, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Mount Norwottuck received its name from Edward Hitchcock, a former professor of geology at Amherst College with a colorful history. Hitchcock coined the term "Scenographical Geology" in 1841 to describe the dramatic geologic landscape of the Holyoke Range. Originally called Hilliard Knob, Hitchcock applied the Native American name Norwottuck to the mountain. Norwottuck is the Indian name of the village of Hadley. Hitchcock is also famous for suggesting that local dinosaur tracks discovered in the Triassic sediments near the range had been produced by an ancient species of bird (the relationship between modern birds and prehistoric dinosaurs would not be established by scientists until the latter half of the 20th century). A summit of the Holyoke Range to the west of Mount Norwottuck is named after Hitchcock.</p><br>
<p>Many miles of hiking trails cross Mount Norwottuck including the 114 mi Metacomet-Monadnock Trail and the 47 mi Robert Frost Trail. Sweeping views of the Pioneer Valley to the north and the University of Massachusetts Amherst campus can be had from various open ledges on the mountain. A lower, eastern ridge known as Rattlesnake Knob, 813 ft, also offers ledgetop views. The Horse Caves, believed to have been used as a bivouac by rebels during Shays&#39; Rebellion, are a series of sedimentary rock overhangs located beneath the summit of Norwottuck. Most of Mount Norwottuck has been conserved as part of the Mount Holyoke Range State Park; local conservations commissions and private land holders own the remaining acreage.</p><br>
<p>From Mount Norwottuck, the ridgeline of the Holyoke Range continues east as Long Mountain and west as Bare Mountain. Formerly to its west was another mountain but it has been razed by quarrying operations. This was Round Mountain. Norwottuck is easily reached via the Notch Visitors Center. Beside the Frost Trail and the M&M Trail, there are a series of local trails that lead to the peak from its south.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and ecology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Norwottock, like much of the Metacomet Ridge, is composed of basalt, also called traprock, a volcanic rock. The mountain formed near the end of the Triassic Period with the rifting apart of the North American continent from Africa and Eurasia. Lava welled up from the rift and solidified into sheets of strata hundreds of feet thick. Subsequent faulting and earthquake activity tilted the strata, creating the dramatic cliffs and ridges of Mount Norwottuck. Hot, dry upper slopes, cool, moist ravines, and mineral-rich ledges of basalt talus produce a combination of microclimate ecosystems on the mountain that support plant and animal species uncommon in greater Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>Bare Mountain, 1,014 ft above sea level, is a prominent peak of the Holyoke Range of traprock mountains located in the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts, and part of the greater Metacomet Ridge that stretches from Long Island Sound to nearly the Vermont border. The peak rises steeply from the river valley 1,000 ft below; its bald summit offers sweeping views. Bare Mountain is located within the towns of Amherst and South Hadley, Massachusetts. Part of its northeastern flanks are in Hadley and part of its southern flanks are in Granby. It is traversed by the 110 mi Metacomet-Monadnock Trail.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>A hiking destination popular among local college students, Bare Mountain offers a 270° vista over the surrounding valleys to the north and south, and a bird&#39;s eye view across Mount Norwottuck and the eastern peaks of the Holyoke Range. Also visible from the top are the Round Mountain quarry and the campuses of the University of Massachusetts Amherst and Hampshire College to the north and Westover Joint Air Reserve Base to the south. A prime example of a basalt talus slope is located on the east side of the mountain, along the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail.</p><br>
<p>The next peak to its west is called Mount Hitchcock. The peak to its east, Round Mountain, has been removed by quarrying activity. The next to its east is thus now Mount Norwottuck in Granby. Both these nearby peaks once had towers on them, but those have since been taken down. Thus Bare Mountain offer the best views until Long Mountain to the east or Mount Holyoke to the west are reached. Bare Mountain is the highest point within South Hadley. For many decades, Mount Hitchcock was thought to be the highest. However, carefully topographical and boundary analysis shows both that the peak of Bare Mountain is within the borders of the town and that it is 8 feet higher.</p><br>
<p>The Five Colleges Library Depository is located on the north side of the mountain, within a subterranean bunker formerly occupied by the United States Air Force Strategic Air Command.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and ecology</h2><br>
<p>Bare Mountain, like much of the Metacomet Ridge, is composed of basalt, also called traprock, a volcanic rock. The lava from which the mountain is formed was erupted in the early Jurassic Period when North America was rifting apart from Africa and Eurasia. The lava welled up from the rift and solidified into sheets of strata hundreds of feet thick. Subsequent faulting and earthquake activity tilted the strata, creating the dramatic cliffs and ridges of Bare Mountain. Hot, dry upper slopes, cool, moist ravines, and mineral-rich ledges of basalt talus produce a combination of microclimate ecosystems on the mountain that support plant and animal species uncommon in greater Massachusetts. (See Metacomet Ridge for more information on the geology and ecosystem of Bare Mountain.)</p><br>
<p>The Coronet John Farnum Jr. House, built circa 1710, is one of the oldest homes in the historic Blackstone Valley town of Uxbridge, Massachusetts. On May 7, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>The house and its historic significance</h2><br>
<p>Uxbridge is in the heart of the Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor, which is the oldest industrialized region in the United States. The Coronet John Farnum Jr. House was the site of the first Uxbridge Town Meeting in 1727. The house today is a museum and headquarters of the Uxbridge Historical Society. It is an excellent example of early New England colonial architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Builder and original owner</h2><br>
<p>John and Mary (Tyler) Farnum may have moved to the Chockalog section of Uxbridge, then Mendon because of the "witchcraft controversies" that involved Marys family in Andover. John Farnum Jr. was a "coronet", a now obsolete military position similar to an ensign. He was elected a constable in Mendon in 1703. He had his house built about 1710 in a part of Mendon that is now Uxbridge. Son Moses Farnums house still stands on Massachusetts Route 146A.</p><br>
<h2>Separation of Uxbridge</h2><br>
<p>On June 27, 1727 a petition was granted to form the town of Uxbridge. The first town meeting was held in the Coronet John Farnum House. One of the first official acts of the town on July 8, 1728, was to appropriate funds for "ÿe good rum for ye raising of ye meeting house.".</p><br>
<h2>Significance in early American history</h2><br>
<p>The significance of the house, the town, and Coronet John Farnum Jr. are now linked to American history as part of the Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor.</p><br>
<p>The Cary Building at 105-107 Chambers Street, extending along Church Street to Reade Street, in the Tribeca neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, was built in 1856-1857 and was designed by Gamaliel King and John Kellum  in the Italian Renaissance revival style, with the cast-iron facade provided by Daniel D. Badgers Architectural Iron Work. The five-story twin-facaded building was constructed for William H. Carys Cary, Howard & Sanger, a dry goods firm.</p><br>
<p>Although built as a commercial structure, the Cary Building is now residential. As a result of the widening of Church Street in the 1920s, a 200-foot-long wall of unadorned brick is now exposed on the east side of the building; as Christopher Gray observed in the New York Times, comparing the structure to cast-iron buildings with facades obscured by modern signage, "There is not too little of the Cary Building but too much."</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1982, and was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The building was once home to The New York Sun.</p><br>
<p> was the home of Katherine Mansfield, a prominent New Zealand author. The building, located in Thorndon, is classified as a "Category I"  historic place by Heritage New Zealand.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and Layout</h2><br>
<p>Sir Charles Clifford purchased the lot in 1887 and leased it to Mansfield&#39;s father Harold Beauchamp. The conditions of the Lease required the house built on it to be valued at £400 and not within 10 feet of Tinakori Road.</p><br>
<p>The house was constructed in 1888 during a depression, it was most likely built to a builders plan.</p><br>
<p>The house is two stories and measures at 9.1 metres wide and 12.2 metres long. The first floor contains a drawing room, dining room, bathroom, kitchen, scullery and lean to. On the second floor are four bedrooms and a night nursery.</p><br>
<p>The original wallpaper and ceramics, which have been recovered through archaeological excavations, demonstrate Annie Beauchamps (Katherines mother) interest in the Aesthetic Movement occurring in Europe during the construction of the house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Katherine&#39;s family moved into the house in 1888. she was born in October a few months after the move. The initial occupants were her parents, two sisters, and her grandmother and two aunts from her mothers side. This led to a very crowded living space. A servant also lived on the premises.</p><br>
<p>Katherine Mansfield recreated memories of her childhood home in her short stories The Aloe, Prelude, A Birthday, The Doll’s House, and The Wind Blows. Mansfield described the house as a dark little cubby hole and a horrid little piggy house.</p><br>
<h3>Other Occupants</h3><br>
<p>Harold Beauchamp leased the house until 1929. While there were many occupants and families in the house during this period the most notable was Dr. Frederick Truby King, the founder of the Plunket Society. He lived in the house from 1921 to 1924, during which he was appointed the Director of Child Welfare in the Department of Health.</p><br>
<h2>House & Garden</h2><br>
<p>The Katherine Mansfield Birthplace Society purchased the property in 1987. They restored the house to its condition when the Beauchamp family lived in it in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The House & Garden is open to the public, having been restored and furnished by the Katherine Mansfield Birthplace Society Incorporated, which was founded by Oroya Day (art historian), Peter Young (solicitor), and architect James Beard.</p><br>
<p>The House</p><br>
<p>The Rose Blumkin Performing Arts Center or The Rose, also known as the Astro Theater, originally opened as The Riviera. It is located at 2001 Farnam Street in downtown Omaha, Nebraska. Built in 1926 in a combination of both Moorish and Classical styles, the building was rehabilitated in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Noted for lavish stage shows combined with movies, the Riviera was regarded as one of the most elegant entertainment facilities in the Midwest. John Eberson, a nationally notable architect, built the theater as an example of the "atmospheric" theater popular during the 1920s. In a style created by Eberson, these atmospheric theaters simulated romantic outdoor Mediterranean courtyards with a night sky above, including twinkling stars and drifting clouds.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the building features a large copper domed tower, flanked by two smaller towers of similar detailing. The diamond-patterned brick facades contain oriel windows, elaborate cornices, glazed terra-cotta tile copings, and a series of free-standing columns which support griffins.</p><br>
<p>In 1929, experiencing financial losses, the theater&#39;s owner sold the building to Paramount Company and the theater was renamed the Paramount Theater. In 1957, Paramount vacated the lease to Creighton University. Closed for several years, it was later leased to J.S.B. Amusement, and after renovations, was operated as a bowling alley. After only a year of operation, the building once again was remodeled to return it to a theater. It reopened as the Astro theater and continued operations until June 1980.</p><br>
<p>Now closed and facing possible demolition, Creighton University sold the Astro Theater to Rose Blumkin of the Nebraska Furniture Mart on June 24, 1981. In the early 1990s it was renovated and transformed into the Rose Blumkin Performing Arts Center; it became the home of the Omaha Theater Company, which began performing there in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Loch Raven Reservoir is a reservoir that provides drinking water for the City of Baltimore and most of Baltimore County, Maryland. It is fed by the Big Gunpowder Falls river, and has a capacity of 23 e9USgal of water.</p><br>
<p>Originally built in 1881 as a dam and water tunnel to channel water to Lake Montebello and Lake Clifton, a new dam, creating a modern large reservoir lake, was constructed in 1914 in efforts to increase the municipal water supply, submerging the cotton mill town of Warren. In 1923, the dam was elevated from 51 ft to 117 ft, and was viewed by many as a step towards the re-vitalization of Baltimore after the Great Fire of 1904.</p><br>
<p>In addition to providing potable drinking water to Baltimore City and Baltimore County, the lake serves as a park and recreational area for the public to enjoy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir began as ordinance 141 of the Baltimore City Council in 1908, and the initial funding of $5,000,000 USD. The dam was constructed between 1912 and 1914 and when completed its crest was 188 ft above mean sea level, and 51 ft from the original valley floor. The dam consisted of 50,800 cubic yards of concrete and impounded 1.5 e9USgal. Seven miles of new roads were constructed as well as three new bridges (Loch Raven Drive, Paper Mill Road, and Dulaney Valley Road). The only original bridge that still remains is on Warren Road. Additionally a 10 ft steel pipe was built at a length of 1,623 ft from the upper to the lower dam, which connected with the main tunnel running seven miles (11 km) to Lake Montebello in Baltimore.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir is home to several historic bridges, four having been built for roads to cross the reservoir. Loch Raven Drive&#39;s original bridge was built in 1906 on a dangerous road that included a hairpin turn which caused many accidents. In 1988 the bridge was removed in favor of a safer bridge.</p><br>
<p>The second bridge was built in 1914 on Maryland 146 and known as the Matthews Bridge. The Matthews Bridge was demolished in 1978 in favor of a more modern bridge.</p><br>
<p>The third bridge is the Old Paper Mill Bridge, built in 1922 on Maryland 145 in place of a covered bridge that once stood there. An accompanying span was built in 2001 that now handles road traffic, but the 1922 bridge has been preserved for recreational use.</p><br>
<p>The final bridge and only one still used for road traffic is on Maryland Route 943, better known as Warren Rd. The bridge was built in 1923 and still in use to this day.</p><br>
<p>On October 26, 1958 one of the bridges was the site of a UFO sighting when two men in a car approached the bridge and reported seeing a "large, flat egg-shaped object" hovering above the bridge. Then the two men were burned alive when the odd object left. This case was investigated by Project Blue Book.</p><br>
<p>Loch Raven Reservoir is home to Loch Raven Skeet & Trap shooting range, numerous trails and picnic areas. Visitors can also go fishing or boat in their personal watercraft, and boats may also be rented dockside. The reservoir also has running trails and a frisbee golf course. In addition to these trails, on weekends Loch Raven Drive between Morgan Mill Road and Providence Road are closed to cars to allow use by pedestrians. However, because the reservoir is used to provide drinking water, swimming in it is prohibited. Officers of the Watershed Police of the Baltimore City Department of Public Works patrol the reservoir and its surroundings.</p><br>
<p>Gore Mountain is a mountain located near the village of North Creek in Warren County, New York, of which its peak is the highest point.</p><br>
<p>Gore is flanked to the north by South Mountain, and to the southwest by Height of Land Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is the site of the popular Gore Mountain ski resort.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gore mountain gets its name from the word "gore". A gore is the term used to refer to an unsurveyed tract of land. The mountain remained unsurveyed during early settlement of the Adirondack Mountain region because it was considered valueless to early farmers and loggers. It was considered too high and steep for farming and horse drawn logging. It remained a "gore" and the name stuck as Gore Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>Gore Mountain stands within the watershed of the Hudson River which drains into New York Harbor. The south end of Gore Mtn. drains into Black Mountain Brook, thence into Chatiemac Brook, North Creek, and the Hudson River. The southeast slopes of Gore Mtn. drains into Straight Brook, thence into North Creek. The northeast slopes of Gore Mtn. drains into Roaring Brook, thence into North Creek. The north west and west slopes of Gore Mtn. drain into the headwaters of the East Branch of the Sacandaga River, thence into Hudson River.</p><br>
<h2>Garnet mining</h2><br>
<p>Industrial garnet has been mined at the Barton garnet mine since 1878 when Henry Hudson Barton began mining garnet for use as sandpaper abrasives.</p><br>
<p>Singletary Lake, surrounded by Singletary Lake State Park in Bladen County, North Carolina in the United States, is one of a series of Carolina bay lakes that stretch from New Jersey to Florida along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Exactly how the lakes were formed remains a mystery. What is known is that Singletary Lake is not fed by any stream, but relies entirely upon rain. The land beneath and surrounding the lake is mica-rich sandy clay and sand that is from the Upper Cretaceous era with a thin layer of Pleistocene deposits covering it. This land is lower than the surrounding land and drains very poorly, creating Singletary Lake.</p><br>
<p>The southwest corner of the lake is bordered by a bog that is densely covered by bay trees. A sandy rim on the southeast side of the lake supports very little vegetation. Venus Flytraps can be found in the margin between the bog and the sand rim.</p><br>
<p>Singletary Lake is the deepest of the Carolina Bays at 11.8 feet (3.6 m) but not the largest. It covers 572 acre</p><br>
<p>Most bay lakes, such as Singletary Lake, are completely surrounded by vegetation. Trees and shrubs that grow along the shoreline reduce current and wave action. This permits sediments to settle and stimulates plant growth. As the plants die off peat is produced. The peat accumulates on the shore line and more plants grow atop the peat. Very slowly the forest surrounding the lake will creep into the lake, reducing the size of the lake before eventually a swampy forest stands where a lake once was. This process has reduced the size of Singletary Lake by at least 44%.</p><br>
<p>The lake was established as a North Carolina State Lake in 1929, and it is managed by the adjacent Singletary Lake State Park.</p><br>
<p>The Xiliao River  is a river in Inner Mongolia and Liaoning province, in northeast China. Its source is the Xilamulun River in Inner Mongolia. It is one of the headwaters of the Liao River.</p><br>
<p>The Xiliao or "Western Liao River", historically also known as Huang River (潢水), is the largest tributary of the Liao Rive. The</p><br>
<p>Xiliao runs 449 km, and drains a basin of 13,6,000 km&sup2;. The Xiliao River is formed by the confluence of the Laoha River (老哈河) flowing from the southwest, and the Xar Moron River (西拉木伦河) flowing from the west. The entire course of the Xiliao runs eastward within Inner Mongolia. It is joined at the lower course by a large tributary, the Xinkai River (新开河), which drains the southeast slopes of the Khingan Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Xiliao is dry in its upper reaches except after thunderstorms, 8 km north of the city of Shuangliao, before turning southeast to join the Dongliao River to form the Liao River proper near the common border of Liaoning, Jilin and Inner Mongolia.</p><br>
<p>West Suffield Mountain, est. 710 ft, is a traprock mountain ridge located between the Berkshires and the Connecticut River Valley in north-central Connecticut. It is part of the narrow, linear Metacomet Ridge that extends from Long Island Sound near New Haven, Connecticut, north through the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts to the Vermont border. West Suffield Mountain is known for its scenic ledges and woodlands, unique microclimate ecosystems, and rare plant communities. It is traversed by the 51 mi Metacomet Trail, and the 110 mi Metacomet-Monadnock Trail begins at the northern foot of West Suffield Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The West Suffield Mountain ridgeline rises steeply between 250 and above the Connecticut River Valley to the east, with a high point of 710 ft above sea level. A prominent landscape feature, it is roughly 4 miles (6 km) long by 1 mile (1½ km) wide at its widest point, although the steepness of the terrain makes the actual square mileage much larger.</p><br>
<p>The West Suffield Mountain ridgeline extends south from the Connecticut border in the hamlet of Rising Corner to the pass between it and Peak Mountain on the Suffield/East Granby border. It lies entirely within the town of Suffield. The Metacomet Ridge, of which West Suffield Mountain is part, continues north as Provin Mountain and south as Peak Mountain. The northwest side of West Suffield Mountain drains into Congamond Lake, thence to the Westfield River, then to the Connecticut River and Long Island Sound; the south and west sides drain into Salmon Brook, then to the Farmington River, then to the Connecticut River. The east side drains into the Connecticut River.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and ecology</h2><br>
<p>West Suffield Mountain, like much of the Metacomet Ridge, is composed of basalt, also called traprock, a volcanic rock. The mountain formed near the end of the Triassic Period with the rifting apart of the North American continent from Africa and Eurasia. Lava welled up from the rift and solidified into sheets of strata hundreds of feet thick. Subsequent faulting and earthquake activity tilted the strata, creating the cliffs and ridgeline of West Suffield Mountain. Hot, dry upper slopes, cool, moist ravines, and mineral-rich ledges of basalt talus produce a combination of microclimate ecosystems on the mountain that support plant and animal species uncommon in greater Connecticut. West Suffield Mountain is also an important raptor migration path. (See Metacomet Ridge for more information on the geology and ecosystem of West Suffield Mountain).</p><br>
<h2>Conservation and recreation</h2><br>
<p>The 51 mi Metacomet Trail (maintained by the Connecticut Forest and Park Association), traverses West Suffield Mountain and is open to hiking, snowshoeing, picnicking, and other passive pursuits; high ledges and overlooks provide scenic views of the surrounding rural countryside.</p><br>
<p>Expanding suburban sprawl and ridgetop homebuilding present the greatest threats to the unique ecosystem and landscape of West Suffield Mountain. Although much of the mountain lies within private ownership, recent conservation efforts by the town of Suffield, the Suffield Land Conservancy, and other non-profit groups have managed to preserve several key parcels on the mountain. In 2000, West Suffield Mountain was included in a study by the National Park Service for the designation of a new National Scenic Trail now tentatively called the New England National Scenic Trail, which would include the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail in Massachusetts and the Mattabesett Trail and Metacomet Trail trails in Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>Loch McNess, also known as Yanchep Lake, is a freshwater lake located near Yanchep in the northern part of the coastal plain of, Western Australia. Loch McNess is part of the Wanneroo wetlands, a chain of lakes, and is part of the Yanchep National Park. Water from the lake is used to refill the underground lakes in some nearby caves.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The lake is named after Sir Charles McNess, a wealthy Western Australian philanthropist.</p><br>
<p>Galaxiidae (fish) and Gilgies (freshwater crayfish) are endemic to the region.</p><br>
<p>Introduced species include mosquitofish (Gambusia).</p><br>
<p>CSIRO study nutrients and plankton in the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake is also known as Wagardu Lark by the Nyoongar aboriginals and along with the caves is of significant cultural importance.</p><br>
<p>Since European colonisation of the area and specifically with the building of Gloucester Lodge on its shores in 1933 it has traditionally been used for boating outings. There is no longer sufficient water in the lake for boating.</p><br>
<p>The Pennsylvania Match Company, known locally as the Match Factory, was founded in 1899 by Col. W. Fred Reynolds, Joseph L. Montgomery and S. A. Donachy with $200,000 of their own money.</p><br>
<p>Mr. Donachy owned several patents for match-making machinery and worked as superintendent for the match company Hanover & York prior to their sale.</p><br>
<p>A 31,000 ft&sup2; brick building was constructed in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania and production began in 1900. By 1911, the company was one of the eight largest producers of wooden matches in the US. At its peak during World War II, the factory employed almost 400 and merged with Universal Match Corporation. According to the Bellefonte Historical and Cultural Association, the business "closed in 1947 due to competition from book matches and cigarette lighters."</p><br>
<p>The red brick buildings were then purchased by lumber and building supply company M. L. Claster & Sons for their General Offices and Bellefonte storage, adding to adjacent land they already owned. After Clasters was sold to YBC in 1997, the site stood vacant for several years until the American Philatelic Society, looking for more space at lower cost, purchased the complex in 2002, renovated the largest building and relocated from State College. The society then refurbished the adjacent structure, making space available for other commercial tenants, and stated their intention to eventually rehabilitate the remaining buildings.</p><br>
<p>Am Bàthach is a Scottish mountain situated at the head of Glen Shiel, at the western end of Loch Cluanie some 38 kilometres south east of Kyle of Lochalsh.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Am Bàthach reaches a height of 798 metres (2618 feet) and is a lone Corbett surrounded by considerably higher Munros, its grassy slopes are in marked contrast to the rockier peaks of the other Glen Shiel hills. it is often climbed along with the adjoining Munro of Ciste Dhubh with the route over Am Bàthach providing a more interesting and drier route to the Munro than the boggy An Caorann Beag glen. The hill offers an interesting half day walk when ascended on its own and it is frequently the only one of the Kintail mountains in the clear when weather conditions are poor. Am Bàthach’s roof like shape made up of a long NE-SW ridge with steep sides is alleged to resemble a cow shed or a byre and that is the meaning of its translated name, a throwback to the time when cattle where a prominent feature of the Scottish Highlands.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Am Bàthach’s summit ridge is roughly one km in length with the highest point lying at the northern extremity, the southern end of the ridge has a spot height of 734 metres, there is a col with a height of 705 metres at the midpoint in between the two high points. The steep slopes on either side of the mountain drop down to the valleys of the An Caorann Beag on its west side and the An Caorann Mòr on the eastern flanks, both these hillsides are seamed with numerous small streams. The southern ridge of Am Bàthach descends to the A87 road as it passes along the northern shore of Loch Cluanie and has been planted with coniferous woodland on its lower slopes, this plantation is an outlying eastern section of the Glenshiel Forest.</p><br>
<p>The hills northern flank descends by a NW ridge down to the Bealach a’ Chòinich (Pass of the Bog) with a height of 591 metres. The pass, which lives up to its name connects to the two Munros of Ciste Dhubh and Aonach Meadhoin and has a small lochan lying on it. Am Bàthach is drained by the Allt a’ Chaorainn Bhig and the Allt a’ Chaorainn Mhòir, the two burns which flow down the glens to the east and west of the hill. They flow to Loch Cluanie and reach the east coast of Scotland at the Moray Firth, some 70 km distant, via Glenmoriston and Loch Ness.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>There is really only one route of ascent for Am Bàthach, this is the climb from the A87 road to the south. The only alternative is passing over the hill when descending from the Munro of Ciste Dhubh. The route from the A87 starts at the car park next to the Cluanie Inn (grid reference ). From here the southern ridge of Am Bàthach can be accessed by walking east for 1.5 km along the A87 and then following an old stalkers path which leaves the road and goes to the right of the plantation to climb the southern ridge of the mountain to the summit. The summit is a good place to admire the surrounding Munros of Kintail, Loch Cluanie is well seen to the south and the Cluanie Inn is in view at its west end.</p><br>
<p>The Sava Bohinjka is a headwater of the Sava River in northwestern Slovenia. At 41 km in length, it is the shorter of the two headwaters that become the Sava River in Radovljica, the other being the 45 km-long Sava Dolinka.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Sava Bohinjka originates under the Komarča Crag at an elevation of 805 m, from springs fed by the Triglav Lakes Valley. Until it reaches Lake Bohinj, the river is known as the Savica (&#39;little Sava&#39;), and features the 60 m-high Savica Falls (slap Savica) at its source. It then flows through the Ukanc Gorge, where the 3 MW Savica power plant is located, before flowing into Lake Bohinj, where it creates a small delta. It flows from Lake Bohinj as the Sava Bohinjka through Bohinjska Bistrica, Bohinjska Bela, and close to Lake Bled, before meeting the Sava Dolinka near Radovljica.</p><br>
<p>Piethorne Reservoir is the largest of several reservoirs in the Piethorne Valley above Newhey, by Milnrow, in the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, Greater Manchester, England. It was built between 1858 and 1868.</p><br>
<p>During excavations at Piethorne in the mid-18th century, a Celtic spear-head with a 5 in blade was unearthed, implying human habitation in the locality during the Bronze Age.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Reasons for construction</h3><br>
<p>The population of Oldham expanded from 25,000 in the 1830s to 120,000 in 1870, and there was insufficient water supply from the town&#39;s first two reservoirs and local wells to provide more than a few hours supply a day. Oldham Corporation bought watershed land at Piethorne Valley, about 8miles (13 km) from Oldham, in the area, subsequently, of Milnrow Local Board, to build a new reservoir.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Construction work started in 1858, the reservoir being first completely filled ten years later. During the excavations for the reservoir, a Celtic spear-head with a 5inch (130mm) blade was discovered, implying human habitation in the area during the Bronze Age. It was soon found that moorland silt was being carried into the reservoir from its feeder streams, Piethorne Brook and Cold Greave Brook; Hanging Lees Reservoir was next built as a settling reservoir. Four further reservoirs were built; Kitcliffe and Norman Hill in the 1870s, Ogden, started in 1878, to compensate mills further down Piethorne Brook for loss of water supply, following the Gas and Water Works Facilities Act 1870, and Rooden Reservoir later. A stone-step cascade, or man-made waterfall, carried Piethorne Brook from Norman Hill Reservoir to Piethorne Reservoir. Another stone-step cascade was built as an overflow from Ogden Reservoir. Horses were used to pull wagons along tramways to haul materials on site. Piethorne and the other reservoirs were built using an impermeable clay puddle core to seal the dams, supported by strong earth material. Navvies trod the clay wearing boots with sacking tied around their legs until the full reservoir height was reached.</p><br>
<h3>The "Butty Gang" system</h3><br>
<p>Navvies, shorthand for navigational engineers, worked on the reservoir under the "Butty Gang" system, whereby groups of navvies were paid on a fixed lump sum basis, leaving the workers to divide the money between themselves. They were well-paid, hard-working, and hard-living; some were lodged in the Long Shed at Kitcliffe. One Betty Whitehead, a seventy-year old local woman, recalled in the Oldham Chronicle newspaper in 1957 that the navvies "usually had a pocketful of money and a bellyful of beer" It was said that navies "spilt more beer than locals drank". Fights were common.</p><br>
<h3>Early Water Treatment</h3><br>
<p>The moorland soil and water was, and remains, acidic. This put at risk Oldham Corporation&#39;s cast iron water pipes. Even before the reservoir was fully filled, lime had to be added to the water in Piethorne Reservoir to reduce its acidity. A stone building called the Lime House was built beside the reservoir in or about 1866 to store lime. The building remains, although a modern water treatment plant was built later.</p><br>
<h2>Piethorne Reservoir Today</h2><br>
<p>Piethorne Reservoir today carries 344 million gallons of water, enough for 7 million baths. It is 22m deep at its deepest point, and has embankments of 25m.</p><br>
<p>The entire 736 hectare watershed, known as the Piethorne Valley, also hosts walking trails, angling, and provides opportunities for observing wildlife. The latter includes a wide variety of birds, including curlews, meadow pipits, wheatears, skylarks, and great crested grebes. Occasional sightings are made of buzzards and peregrines. Also many mammals and butterflies live in the vicinity of the reservoirs.</p><br>
<p>Watergrove Reservoir is a reservoir close to Wardle in the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, within Greater Manchester, England.</p><br>
<p>Rochdale Corporation chose Watergrove as a suitable site to build a large reservoir largely to a prolonged drought in the 1930s, resulting in water regularly being bought from Oldham. The ruins of the old village of Watergrove submerged under the large expanse of water in 1938, and dotted around the landscape above the reservoir there are several ruins originally belonging to the drowned village.</p><br>
<p>The book Watergrove: A History of the Valley and its Drowned Village by Allen Holt gives a personal view of the transition as the author grew up in Wardle, a mile to the south of Watergrove. Several photographs in the book show people walking along roads that have resurfaced during times of extreme drought.</p><br>
<p>In July 2008, a 13-year-old boy named Joseph Thomas was found dead in the reservoir after he had gone swimming with friends.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Falls Pond is a 439 acre, 2.7 mi long pond created by damming the Saranac River three miles  northeast of Lower Saranac Lake in the Adirondack Mountains of northern New York State. The pond is also part of the 740-mile Northern Forest Canoe Trail, which begins in Old Forge, NY and ends in Fort Kent, ME.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The falls at the downstream (northern) end of the pond were the site of a sawmill, a hotel, and a hamlet that grew up around the mill; all were completely destroyed by a fire in 1852. The hotel and the sawmill were rebuilt. Paul Smith, proprietor of Paul Smiths Hotel bought the area around the falls and built a hydroelectric plant, the construction of which flooded 270 acre, killing a substantial number of trees. The state filed an injunction against the construction, which Smith ignored, leading the Association for the Protection of the Adirondacks to bring a suit that was finally settled in 1912, in Smiths favor.</p><br>
<p>Today all that remains of the hamlet is a more modern hydroelectric dam that holds back the pond.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Jamieson, Paul and Morris, Donald, Adirondack Canoe Waters, North Flow, Lake George, NY: Adirondack Mountain Club, 1987.</p><br>
<p>Michigan State Prison or Jackson State Prison, which opened in 1839, was the first prison in Michigan. After 150 years, the prison was divided, starting in 1988, into four distinct prisons, still in Jackson: the Parnall Correctional Facility which is a minimum-security prison; the G. Robert Cotton Correctional Facility where prisoners can finish their general education; the Charles Egeler Reception and Guidance Center which is the common point of processing for all male state prisoners sentenced to any Michigan prison; and the Cooper Street Correctional Facility which is the common point for processing of all male state prisoners about to discharge, parole, or enter a community center or the camp program.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first permanent structure was constructed in Jackson in 1842. In 1926, the prison was relocated to a new building, and soon became the largest walled prison in the world with nearly 6,000 inmates. The prison was renamed the State Prison of Southern Michigan in 1935. Beginning in 1988, the prison was carved up into several correctional facilities. The Southern Michigan Correctional Facility (JMF), which contained the heart of the 1926 prison structure, was finally closed on November 17, 2007. After JMF was closed, much of the prison remains open however, 7 Block, which used to be quarantine, has been closed and changed into a prison museum and is now open to the public for tours. The original 1842 site was used as a Michigan National Guard armory for some time, and now houses residential apartments as well as several art galleries and a bicycle cooperative.</p><br>
<h2>The original prison</h2><br>
<p>The first prison was built in Jackson, Michigan, and became the original nucleus of the city. The enclosed area of the old prison was about 20 acre. Almost from the beginning, the old prison was chronically overcrowded. In 1876, the problem was mitigated when new prisons were erected in Marquette and Ionia; this only somewhat eased the overcrowding. Throughout its history, new buildings were added continuously. At its peak capacity, the prison housed around 2,200 inmates in four cell blocks and a dormitory. In the older blocks, the cells were very small at only 7 ft long, by 3 feet wide, by 6 ½ feet high. In the newer blocks built in 1904, the cells measured 9 ft × 5 ½ feet × 7 ft. Women prisoners were confined at the Michigan State Prison up until 1852; there had been 10 female prisoners committed up until that date.</p><br>
<h2>Escapes and riots at the old prison</h2><br>
<p>During the first year after the prison was opened, 35 inmates were admitted, of whom seven managed to escape over the walls. The first mass break happened in 1840. Ten convicts overpowered two of the guards and broke free from the prison walls. They fled to Spring Arbor where they ran into a farmer, James Videto. He attempted to stop them, but the inmates took Videto’s shotgun, beat him with it and left him on the road. After a few days, George Norton, the leader of the escape, was killed by another farmer. All but two of the rest of the convicts were eventually caught.</p><br>
<p>On September 1, 1912, a riot that is described by many as the worst riot in the prison’s history began. The first sign of trouble was when inmates starting throwing plates against the walls of the dining halls. Many fights followed after this and the riot lasted for six days. On the sixth day, the 90 or so inmates that were leading the riot were beaten and the riot eventually came to an end, but not until after the governor had called in the National Guard.</p><br>
<h2>The new prison</h2><br>
<p>Despite additions to the old prison, it was evident that eventually a new prison would need to be built. In 1924, a new prison with a capacity of 5,280 inmates was built three miles (5 km) north of the city in Blackman Township. In 1926, 625 prisoners were moved from the old prison to cell block one of the new penitentiary. The name of the prison was changed to the State Prison of Southern Michigan in 1935. The new prison was built on 3,469 acre with an enclosed area of 57.6 acre. The prison was enclosed by a concrete wall that was 33.9 ft high. The wall stretched around the entire prison, with parts joined together at the ends of the cell houses. There were 12 watch towers and 16 cellblocks. Inmates were housed in 2,090 inside cells, 2,072 medium security cells, 1,312 outside cells, and 268 quarantine and detention cells, for a total of 5,742 cells. All of the cells were 10 ft long, by 6 ft wide, by 7 ½ feet high.</p><br>
<h2>Cell Block 7 Prison Museum</h2><br>
<p>Cell Block 7 is the only prison exhibit within the wall of an operating penitentiary. Cell Block 7 was a part of the newly renovated prison completed in 1934. The prison was the largest walled institution in the world, housing over 5,000 inmates, with five floors of prison bars and a total of 515 cells. Cell Block 7 was a part of the operation until its closure in 2007. Today Cell Block Seven serves to educate the community of past historical events as well as serving a crime prevention tool.</p><br>
<h2>Riots and escapes at the new prison</h2><br>
<p>In April 1952, two maximum-security prisoners overpowered a guard and used his keys to release the other inmates in their wing. Damaging several wings and using the canteen for food, they held nine guards hostage at knifepoint for five days. The rioters wanted Prison Warden - retired Marine Corps General, Julian N. Frisbie, to agree to a list of eleven demands and that these be published in the local newspaper, The episode came to an end when officials agreed to publication, to allow outside inspectors and not to punish the participants. However, the leaders were eventually indicted for conspiracy and the demands remained largely unmet. The 1954 film Riot in Cell Block 11 is closely based on the Jackson riot.</p><br>
<p>In 1975 inmate Dale Remling attempted a daring escape from the prison by flying out of the prison in a helicopter. Morris Colosky, a friend of Remling’s, paid helicopter pilot Richard Jackson to fly him from Plymouth to Lansing. Five minutes into the flight, he pulled a knife on the pilot and told him to change his course and head towards Jackson. They flew to the prison and landed in the yard where they picked up Remling. They then flew six miles (10 km) away to where two getaway cars were located. Once on the ground, Remling sprayed mace in the pilot’s eyes to disable him, but he still managed to fly the helicopter and follow one of the cars while radioing for help. The car was caught by police only a few minutes later. The original escapee got away but surrendered himself to authorities over the weekend at a bar just north of Jackson.</p><br>
<p>On May 22, 1981, prisoners assaulted and seriously injured two corrections officers in Cell Block 4. The following morning, staff requested a shakedown of the facility. The administration refused and staff initiated an unauthorized lockdown. Those prisoners that had not been secured rebelled at 10:00 in the morning. Around 800 inmates from the maximum-security block took over two of the cell blocks at the prison and set fire to many parts of the prison. Two hundred corrections officers and 165 local law enforcement officers worked to keep the riot under control. When it was finally ended without loss of life, the riot had lasted for almost 11 hours. The prison was locked down over the weekend, but once the lock down was lifted, prisoners from the North complex of the facility rioted, burning down a number of modular housing units. That disturbance was quelled in late afternoon, and the facility was locked down for two months.</p><br>
<p>As a result of the riot, two corrections officers and the deputy warden at the prison were fired. Also, fourteen corrections officers were suspended for their actions during the riot. The deputy dismissed was Willie Cason, deputy warden of the northside unit. He was dismissed because it was discovered that he had prior knowledge that the riot might happen after the earlier riot.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy</h2><br>
<p>In 2006, an inmate’s death at the Southern Michigan Correctional Facility gained national attention. Timothy Joe Souders died on August 6, 2006, after spending four days in a segregation cell. Souders, who suffered from a severe mental disorder, was originally transferred to the segregation cell and placed in soft restraints on July 31 for disobeying orders. After he broke out of the soft restraints three days later, prison guards restrained him on a concrete slab. Souders went through the days being restrained in a cell lying naked in his own urine with temperatures rising higher than 100 degrees. After the incident, prison officials made a change to restraint policies so that misbehaving inmates could only be shackled for a maximum of six hours. A federal judge later said that the conditions Souders went through were “torture.”</p><br>
<h2>Notable inmates</h2><br>
<p>Ron LeFlore, major league baseball player</p><br>
<p>Grace Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church located at 5607 Gordonsville Road in Keswick, Albemarle County, Virginia, United States. The Gothic Revival building was designed by noted architect William Strickland in 1847. It is the only known work of Strickland in Virginia. The interior was rebuilt after a fire in 1895.</p><br>
<p>"Both the church and the hunt club have a long history in Keswick. The congregation dates back to 1745 as one of the first six churches in the Virginia colony back when the Church of England was the official state-sanctioned religion. The original church was replaced with a new building in 1855 but a fire two decades later left only the tower and walls standing. Those were incorporated into the current church when it was rebuilt at the site north of Cismont on Route 231. The church’s 1,575-pound bell was salvaged and is still in use. In fact, it will ring 10 times at 9:45 a.m. on Thanksgiving Day to announce the 10 a.m. prayer service, calling the congregation, hunters, steeds and dogs together."</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 21, 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Cumberland and Oxford Canal was opened in 1832 to connect the largest lakes of southern Maine with the seaport of Portland, Maine. The canal followed the Presumpscot River from Sebago Lake through the towns of Standish, Windham, Gorham, and Westbrook. The Canal diverged from the river at Westbrook to reach the navigable Fore River estuary and Portland Harbor. The canal required 27 locks to reach Sebago Lake at an elevation of 267 ft above sea level. One additional lock was constructed in the Songo River to provide 5 ft of additional elevation to reach Long Lake from Sebago Lake. Total navigable distance was approximately 38 mi from Portland to Harrison at the north end of Long Lake. A proposed extension from Harrison to Bear Pond and Tom Pond in Waterford would have required three more locks on the Bear River, but they were never built.</p><br>
<p>A state lottery was authorized to help raise $50,000 for the project, and the Canal Bank of Portland was chartered in 1825. The canal was completed in 1830 at a cost of $206,000. The excavated portions of the canal had a surface width of 30 ft with a 10 ft wide channel 3.5 ft deep. The locks were 10 ft wide and 80 ft long. Lock walls were made of granite masonry with wooden gates at either end. A lock keeper was stationed at each lock to move the lock gates with heavy timber balance beams, manipulate iron valves to adjust water levels within the lock, and collect a 6 cent fee for use of the lock.</p><br>
<h2>Canal boats</h2><br>
<p>The flat-bottomed canal boats had blunt bows, square sterns, and a draft of 3 ft. A tow path adjacent to the excavated portions of the canal enabled horses to tow the canal boats while the boatmen steered with poles. Canal boats using the lakes had a removable keel and two short hinged masts capable of supporting sails or being folded down for passage through the excavated canal. Cargos included lumber, masts, barrel hoops and staves, boxmaking shook, and firewood from the interior to Portland. Apples were an important agricultural product of the area; and Oriental Powder Company mills adjacent to the canal in Windham manufactured nearly 25% of the Union gunpowder supply for the American Civil War. Canal boat passengers were charged one-half cent per mile. A wide variety of manufactured goods moved inland through the canal from Portland. The south end of Long Lake is locally known as Brandy Pond because a barrel of brandy was lost from a canal boat during passage through that part of the waterway.</p><br>
<h2>Railroads and Steamboats</h2><br>
<p>Freight to and from Oxford County began moving over the Atlantic & St Lawrence Railroad (later Grand Trunk Railway and then Canadian National Railway Berlin Subdivision) in the 1850s and the 18 mi long Presumpscot River portion of the canal fell into disuse when the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad (later Maine Central Railroad Mountain Division) reached Sebago Lake Station in 1870. Some of the Presumpscot River lock facilities were converted to dams for the S. D. Warren Paper Mill. Steamboats continued to use Songo Lock to provide transportation from Sebago Lake Station to the lakeside communities of Bridgton, Harrison, Naples, Sebago, Casco, Raymond and North Windham. The Bridgton and Saco River Railroad reached Bridgton in 1883 and Harrison in 1898. The Sebago Lake, Songo River, and Bay of Naples Steamboat Company continued to offer summer passenger service to tourists until the last steamboat Goodrich burned at its Naples dock in 1932. Songo Lock remains in service for pleasure boats.</p><br>
<p>Relicensing of the dams was the subject of the 2006 Supreme Court case S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection.</p><br>
<p>Lake McConaughy is a reservoir on the North Platte River. It is located 9 mi north of Ogallala, Nebraska, United States, near USA Highway 26 and Nebraska Highway 61. The reservoir was named for Charles W. McConaughy, a grain merchant and mayor of Holdrege, Nebraska, one of the leading promoters of the project. Although he did not live to see the completion of the project, his leadership and perseverance eventually culminated in a public power and irrigation project that helped Nebraska become one of the nation&#39;s leading agricultural states.</p><br>
<h2>History and overview</h2><br>
<p>The lake, formed by Kingsley Dam, is a man-made body of water that is 22 mi long, 4 mi wide at its largest point, and 142 ft deep near the dam (at full capacity) – it was constructed between 1936 and 1941 and is fed by the North Platte River. When full, the reservoir has a capacity of 1,740,000 acre.ft, covers 35,700 acre and has 76 mi of shoreline, making it the largest reservoir in Nebraska.</p><br>
<p>Lake McConaughy was constructed to store water for irrigation for The Tri-County, later renamed Central Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation District (CNPPID) hydro-irrigation project. A hydro-electric plant was later added and went online in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The total cost of the Project was $43 million, paid by a $19 million PWA grant and a $24 million federal loan (the federal debt was paid off when the loan was refinanced in 1972; the refinanced portion of the debt was paid off in 1995). The Depression-era construction project provided jobs to more than 1,500 people. CNPPID, a political subdivision of the State of Nebraska, owns and operates the dam and reservoir and an associated hydroplant below the dam.</p><br>
<p>The source of water for Lake McConaughy is primarily the North Platte River. Water flows into the lake from a 32,500 square miles drainage area west of the dam. USA Bureau of Reclamation reservoirs on the North Platte River in Wyoming capture precipitation and snowmelt from the mountains and utilize the water for irrigation and hydroelectric production within the North Platte Projects. Return flows from these projects to the North Platte River make up a significant portion of the inflows to Lake McConaughy.</p><br>
<p>On the east side of Kingsley Dam is Lake Ogallala, commonly called the Little Lake. Water flows out of Lake McConaughy through the Morning Glory tower, and out the other side of the dam through the hydroelectric plant into Lake Ogallala where the water continues flowing down the North Platte River. This smaller lake has rocky shores, but is well known for great camping and fishing.</p><br>
<p>Lake McConaughy is also a popular location for fishing, boating, water sports, camping and hunting.</p><br>
<p>The Nebraska Game and Parks Commission (NGPC) operates a State Recreation Area at the lake. NGPC&#39;s offices are at the Lake McConaughy Visitors Center just south of the dam. The Visitor Center contains a water interpretive center, gift shop, theater, and information office.</p><br>
<p>The current superintendent of Lake McConaughy State Recreation Area is Colby Johnson.</p><br>
<h2>Kingsley Dam</h2><br>
<p>Kingsley Dam is located at the east end of Lake McConaughy and was the second largest hydraulically filled earthen dam in the world (behind Fort Peck Dam) on the time of its completion. The dam was named for George P. Kingsley, a Minden, Nebraska banker, who worked with C. W. McConaughy to promote the project. The dam was built by pumping sand and gravel from the river bed to form its sides, while pumping a mixture of loess soil and water into the center of the structure to form its watertight core. Seepage of water under the dam is prevented by a wall of interlocked sheet piling driven 30 to 160 ft deep and tied into the impervious Brule clay formation that lies beneath the dam. The dam&#39;s face is protected by more than a million tons of rock in several layers and more than 180,000 "jackstones," (rebar-reinforced concrete tetrahedrons), each weighing 800 lb. The dam is 162 ft tall, 3.1 mi long, and 1,100 ft wide at its base.</p><br>
<p>The Kingsley Hydroplant, which went on-line in 1984, is situated below the south end of the dam.</p><br>
<p>Hickey Run is a tributary stream of the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The historic headwaters of the stream originate in the Langdon, Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>Langdon area in Northeast Washington (in the southwest corner of the Langdon Park Community/Recreation Center), however at present this portion of the stream and its tributaries are enclosed in underground pipes and culverts. The daylight portion of the stream can be seen south of New York Avenue, in the National Arboretum, and the stream continues southeast about 1 mile (1.6 km) to the Anacostia, which drains to the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay. The watershed area of Hickey Run is about 2.08 mi² (5.4 km²).</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, before urbanization, the stream network consisted of the Hickey Run main stem and 15 tributaries, totaling over 5 mi. Today there are 6 tributaries along with the main stem, totaling 2.3 mi (3.7 km).</p><br>
<h2>Water pollution</h2><br>
<p>Hickey Run is in a highly urbanized area and its water quality has been rated as poor by government agencies. The watershed has a large amount of impervious surfaces, which along with the piped tributaries, has led to large amounts of urban runoff (stormwater) pollution in the stream, including oil and grease, and bacteria. The D.C. Department of the Environment has ongoing monitoring and public education activities for Hickey Run, and has plans for stream restoration projects. Other agencies assisting in Hickey Run improvements include the Anacostia Watershed Restoration Partnership, the National Arboretum and the USA Fish and Wildlife Service.</p><br>
<p>Putucusi ") is a round-shaped mountain located on the opposite side  of the Urubamba River to Machu Picchu in the Cusco Region of Peru. Reaching approximately 2,560 m above sea level at its peak, the mountain offers epic views of Machu Picchu and the surrounding Urubamba River valley.</p><br>
<p>Putucusi, Machu Picchu ("old peak" in Quechua) and Huayna Picchu ("young peak") are considered apus or holy mountains by the local Quechua people.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>The view of Machu Picchu from the summit requires a 1.5-hour trek up the mountain, with approximately 1,700 wood and rock steps. A recently discovered Inca Trail, the path lies just 10 minutes west of Aguas Calientes following the train tracks along the Urubamba River. The entrance is free.</p><br>
<p>The first half of the journey is jungle trail, and involves several vertical wooden ladders, the largest of which scales over 100 ft. The second half presents views of Aguas Calientes and the Urubamba River valley, as the trail ascends the eastern face of Putucusi in switchback fashion. The trail passes through native flora including pisonayes, q&#39;eofias, alisos, puya palm trees, ferns and more than 90 species of orchids.</p><br>
<p>In spring 2011, floods wiped out the vertical ladder section of the climb, making an ascent impossible without professional climbing gear, but by August 2012, all the ladders had been replaced.</p><br>
<p>Updated to June 2016, the access to the trail has been restricted and forbidden, due to the lack of maintenance of the path. All the ladders are indeed destroyed and it&#39;s impossible and extremely dangerous to climb up without professional climbing equipment.</p><br>
<p>Local rangers are monitoring the area and the entrance to avoid unauthorized accesses and prevent accidents.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Kymin, , is a hill overlooking Monmouth, in Monmouthshire, Wales. It is located approximately one mile east of Monmouth, on the eastern side of the River Wye and adjacent to the border with the Forest of Dean and England. The summit of the hill, about 800 feet above sea level, is known for its neo-classical monuments, the Roundhouse and the Naval Temple, built between 1794 and 1800. The site is a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty  and is owned by the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty.</p><br>
<h2>The Roundhouse</h2><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>The Roundhouse was built by members of the Monmouth Picnic Club or Kymin Club, a group of Monmouth&#39;s gentlemen, led by Philip Meakins Hardwick. The members of the Kymin Club were drawn from "the principal Gentlemen of Monmouth and its vicinity", and met each week "for the purpose of dining together, and spending the day in a social and friendly manner". The Roundhouse was constructed to provide "security from the inclemency of the weather" and the subscription list for funding was headed by the local landowner, the Duke of Beaufort, and eight Members of Parliament. Construction began in 1794 and the local author and artist Fred Hando records that the building "was completed within two years". The building was sited to take advantage of the views and the Monmouth antiquarian and publisher Charles Heath recorded in his 1807 history; Descriptive Account of the Kymin Pavilion and Beaulieu Grove with their various views; also a description of the Naval Temple that ten counties could be seen from the Roundhouse; (Gloucestershire, Monmouthshire, Glamorganshire, Breconshire, Montgomeryshire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Radnorshire, Shropshire and Somerset). A telescope by Peter Dollond was fitted in the upper room and Heath detailed a large number of the sights that could be viewed from the five windows.</p><br>
<h3>Architecture and description</h3><br>
<p>The Roundhouse is a white round tower, in two storeys with a crenellated roof, similar to a folly. The club members wanted a venue suitable for their regular meetings, dining and events and the building was designed with kitchens on the ground floor and a banqueting room above. The building was restored in the early 20th century, when it ceased to be used as a residence. It is a Grade II* listed building as of 27 June 1952.</p><br>
<h2>The Naval Temple</h2><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>The Naval Temple was constructed by the Kymin Club in 1800 to commemorate the second anniversary of the British naval victory at the Battle of the Nile in 1798 and in recognition of sixteen of the British Royal Navy&#39;s Admirals who had delivered significant victories in other major sea battles of the age around the globe to that date. The temple was dedicated by the Duchess of Beaufort, the daughter of Admiral Boscawen, one of those commemorated in the building. Nelson visited Monmouth in 1802, along with Lady Hamilton and her husband, Sir William Hamilton. They travelled on the River Wye from Ross-on-Wye to Monmouth, to be greeted by a cannonade and the band of the Monmouthshire Militia playing See, the Conquering Hero Comes. Staying in Monmouth for just a couple of days, Nelson visited the Naval Temple and the Roundhouse on Kymin Hill, where he breakfasted and admired the views. He was struck with the Naval Temple, saying that "it was the only monument of its kind erected to the Royal Navy in the Kingdom".</p><br>
<p>The building of the temple, in a small county town in Wales, far from the sea and with no great naval or seafaring traditions, was surprising. According to researcher Peter Borsay, the monument&#39;s design, and its location overlooking the border between England and Wales, were symbolic of the formation of Great Britain. It was built at the time of the Act of Union with Ireland, about a century after that with Scotland, and at a time when the United Kingdom was engaged in a war with France which was helping to define, and being used to define, what it was to be British.</p><br>
<p>Up until 1797 Britannia was conventionally depicted holding a spear, but as a consequence of the increasingly prominent role of the navy in the war against the French, and of several spectacular victories, the spear was replaced by a trident. It is this that the Kymin Britannia wields. The navy had come to be seen... as the very bulwark of British liberty and the essence of what it was to be British... It was therefore entirely appropriate that the temple should be a naval one, that the heroes celebrated should all be naval officers, and that battles commemorated ones fought at sea." In building the temple, Monmouth staked its own claim to be the centre of British identity as the birthplace of King Henry V, of whom a statue was placed on the Shire Hall in 1792. Within two years of the battle of Waterloo in 1815 the name of the towns market place had been changed to Agincourt Square "in order to celebrate a victory of Henry Vs that seemed as famous as Wellington&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>Sir Richard Colt Hoare saw the Temple in 1803, soon after its construction, and was unimpressed, describing it as "in very bad taste". Monmouthshire artist and author, Fred Hando, who described many Monmouthshire landmarks in his series of articles for the South Wales Argus running from 1922-1970, visited the Temple in 1964. At that time, the figure of Britannia had been lost, as had the two naval seascape paintings depicting the Battle of the Nile and The Standard of Great Britain Triumphant.</p><br>
<p>The temple has been restored on a number of occasions, most recently in 2012, following storm damage. The latest restoration saw the restoration of the statue of Britannia, the re-painting of the two seascapes and the re-installation of the gates.</p><br>
<h3>Architecture and description</h3><br>
<p>The memorial is classical in design, topped by a bronze seated figure of Britannia (now a replica). It comprises two porticos, back to back, with Doric columns. The architectural historian John Newman describes the architectural style as; "hard(.) to come to terms with". The temple is a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<p>The square Naval Temple has round plaques or medallions, four on each face, for each Admiral and the victory with which he was most closely associated and its date. The named Admirals are:</p><br>
<p>Vice Admiral Charles Thompson</p><br>
<p>Rear Admiral Adam Duncan</p><br>
<p>Vice Admiral Edward Boscawen</p><br>
<p>Vice Admiral Sir Samuel Hood</p><br>
<p>Admiral Howe</p><br>
<p>Admiral John Warren</p><br>
<p>Admiral John Gell (was retired locally near Crickhowell when this was built.)</p><br>
<p>Admiral Lord Nelson</p><br>
<p>Admiral of the Fleet John Jervis</p><br>
<p>Vice Admiral George Rodney</p><br>
<p>Admiral Hawke who was also First Lord of the Admiralty</p><br>
<p>Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Hood</p><br>
<p>Vice-Admiral William Cornwallis</p><br>
<p>Admiral Sir Peter Parker another Admiral of the Fleet</p><br>
<p>Admiral George Elphinstone</p><br>
<p>Admiral Andrew Mitchell</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The Kymin is accessed by a winding road climbing up off the A4136 Monmouth to Forest of Dean road. The area is managed and conserved by the National Trust and there is a car park near the summit with an easy walk to both the Temple and the Roundhouse. The building is open on Saturdays, Sundays and Mondays from 11.00 to 16.00 during the spring, summer and autumn. The views on a clear day are magnificent.</p><br>
<p>The landscape features incorporated within the woodland at Beaulieu Grove were apparently destroyed early in the 19th century. The Woodland Trust is undertaking research into the history of the area, and provides access to the woods.</p><br>
<p>The Kymin Dash is a cross country running hill race held annually. The course covers about 7 miles, circling the town and both ascending and descending the Kymin by forest tracks, field paths and minor roads. The course record is 39m 50s, set by Huw Evans in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Wilcox Lake  is both a kettle lake and a community within Oak Ridges, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada. The lake measures 1.5 kilometers across and covers 55.6 hectares, making it the largest kettle lake on the Oak Ridges Moraine. Lake Wilcox, Lake St. George and their associated wetlands form a "provincially significant wetland".</p><br>
<p>The lake is named after William Willcocks, who was a merchant and became mayor of Cork, Ireland in 1793. Willcocks and his family moved to Upper Canada, where his cousin Peter Russell became interim administrator after the departure of John Graves Simcoe in 1796. Willcocks "was an active land speculator" who acquired significant holdings in Upper Canada, including 800 acres surrounding the lake. The name of the lake was originally Lake Willcocks, but it was corrupted over time to its present spelling.</p><br>
<p>A community of the same name is established around the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Community</h2><br>
<p>Wilcox Lake is a local community located within Oak Ridges. The local community has an elementary school; Lake Wilcox elementary school, the Lake Wilcox Community Centre, as well as a number of local parks; Sunset Beach Park and Brickworks Parks being most popular. The local community has come together through a number of tragedies, including the death of a local mother, Terri Callaway on North Lake Road, and two local teens who accidentally drowned in the lake in 2008.</p><br>
<p>There is a craft brewery named after Wilcox Lake called located in Vaughan. Est March 17, 2015</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake was recorded as "Lake Wilcocks" on an 1878 map in the Illustrated historical atlas of the county of York and the township of West Gwillimbury & town of Bradford in the county of Simcoe, Ont.</p><br>
<p>Housing developments began to boom around Wilcox Lake in the 1950s. Lake Wilcox, as a part of the annexation of Oak Ridges, became a part of Richmond Hill in 1971. The suburban housing developments did not continue until the mid to late 1980s. The developments affected the forests of the Oak Ridges Moraine which supplies water to the GTA. Which would cause environmental damage to Toronto. It continued for about two years. There were protests against the clear-cutting of forests of the Oak Ridges Moraine. In about 2001, Bayview began to expand to connect with the rest of Bayview. In 2002, the housing developments stopped.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Wilcox Lake is part of the Humber River drainage system, draining into the East Humber River. The drainage basin of the lake covers 260 hectares. The maximum depth of the lake is 17.4 meters.</p><br>
<h3>Wetlands complex</h3><br>
<p>Wilcox Lake, Lake St. George, Swan Lake and Haynes Lake and their associated marshes, swamps and forests form a large wetland designated as a Provincially Significant Wetland. The total complex has some ninety individually identified wetlands, covering 102 hectares. 57% of the complex is classified as swamp, 39% as marsh and 4% as bog.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Beginning in 1997, the town of Richmond Hill undertook a project to restore the lake&#39;s condition, which had degraded because of pollution and development. Septic systems which had previous drained into the lake were connected to sewers and lake lungs have been installed to increase oxygenation of the water. High phosphorus levels in the lake remain problematic.</p><br>
<h3>Vegetation</h3><br>
<p>The native coniferous trees in Wilcox Lake&#39;s watershed include white spruce, eastern hemlock, white pine, red pine, eastern white cedar and tamarack. The native deciduous trees include red maple, silver maple, sugar maple, red oak, white oak, burr oak, balsam poplar, trembling aspen, large-tooth aspen, white ash, black ash, blue ash, green ash, basswood, paper birch, pin cherry and black cherry. The native wildflowers include purple coneflower, yellow coneflower, flat-topped aster, heath aster, smooth aster, silky aster, ox-eyed susan, black-eyed susan, bluebeard lily, wood lily, trout lily, common strawberry, common milkweed, blazing star, fireweed, star flower, wild columbine and wild bergamot. Aquatic vegetation that is native to the lake itself include bulrushes, cattails, water arums, water plantains, water lilies, arrowheads, blue flag irises, smartweeds and pickeral weeds. Native shrubs found around the lake include speckled alder, smooth serviceberry, Allegheny serviceberry, nannyberry, red osier, gray dogwood, silky dogwood, broad-leaved meadowsweet, swamp rose, spicebush, buttonbush, shining willow, slender willow, black willow and pussywillow.</p><br>
<h3>Animal life</h3><br>
<p>Indigenous animal life includes muskrats, great horned owls and painted turtles. Some fish and bird species also thrive in the lake, including largemouth bass, various sunfishes, yellow perch, crappie, perch, and northern pike.</p><br>
<h2>Human usage</h2><br>
<p>The town of Richmond Hill maintains three recreational parks along the shores of Wilcox Lake. Jesse Venek Park, Sunset Beach Park and North Shore Parkette are small municipal parks with picnicing areas. The Fish & Wildlife Sanctuary/Pike Hatchery is left in a natural state. The lake itself is used for fishing, windsurfing, kayaking, and boating. The lake also has floatplanes land there regularly.</p><br>
<p>Càrn Aosda is a Scottish mountain situated 12.5 km south of the town of Braemar, in the county of Aberdeenshire. It stands near the summit of the Cairnwell Pass on the A93 road, in the midst of the Glenshee Ski Centre.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Càrn Aosda reaches a height of 917 metres (3008 feet), at one point in time it had the honour of being the lowest of the Munros but more accurate mapping techniques have changed this and it is now the 279th ranked mountain in that classification. Càrn Aosda, along with the adjoining Munro of The Cairnwell, is regarded as the easiest of the Munros to ascend, this is because of the high starting altitude of over 640 metres at the ski centre and the easy walking conditions on rough vehicle tracks which lead directly to the summit. A fit hill walker can complete the 275 metre ascent from the centre car park in half an hour.</p><br>
<p>Apart from being the easiest Munro, Càrn Aosda also has the reputation as being one of the most despoiled, with the mountain having snow fences, ski tow supports, huts and vehicle tracks right up to the summit as part of the Glenshee ski centre. The mountain has four pistes on its slopes, there is a run for beginners plus two for intermediate level on the easier slopes which go south from the summit into Butchart’s Corrie. There is a piste ranked as difficult on the steeper slopes of the eastern shoulder. There are also three towbar lifts on the southern slopes to service the ski runs one of which goes past the 900 metre mark to just a few metres from the summit.</p><br>
<p>The mountain&#39;s name translates from the Scottish Gaelic language as "Aged Hill/Cairn" with aosda meaning aged or ancient and most guide books carry this meaning. However an alternative meaning has been put forward as “Hill of the Inn” derived from the word òsda, in history there was an inn at the foot of the mountain at the Sean Spittal bridge where the Cairnwell Burn flows under the main Cairnwell pass road and this is could possibly have given the mountain its name.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Càrn Aosda throws out a four km long northern ridge which descends to the hamlet of Baddoch on the A93 road. Another shorter ridge goes NE and along with the north ridge encloses the Dubh-choire. Càrn Aosda&#39;s southern slopes descend into Butchart’s corrie which is drained by the headwaters of the Cairnwell Burn, the corrie is surprisingly unnamed on OS maps being well known by the skiing fraternity with two of the ski tows being named Butcharts access poma and Butcharts T Bar respectively.</p><br>
<p>The easy inclined broad slopes which go south west from the summit descends to the 795 metre col at the head of Butchart’s corrie from here the neighbouring Munros of The Cairnwell and Càrn a&#39; Gheòidh can be easily climbed. 200 metres west of the col is Loch Vrotachan, owned by the Ballater Angling club this offers good trout fishing at a height of 750 metres. The summit itself is made up of small light coloured quartzite rocks, giving the mountain a distinctive appearance. There are twin summit bumps with the western top having a height of 903 metres while the true top lies 400 metres to the east and is marked by a small pile of quartzite boulders. Càrn Aosda very much belongs to the eastern half of Scotland and all drainage goes via Glen Clunie and the River Dee to reach the east coast at Aberdeen.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents and view</h2><br>
<p>Càrn Aosda is invariably climbed with one or both of the nearby Munros of The Cairnwell and Càrn a&#39; Gheòidh. This walk offers the Munro bagger the opportunity of climbing three Munros with minimum effort. The walk starts at the ski centre car park and only involves 580 metres of climbing to ascend the three mountains from the col at the head of Butchart’s corrie; this can be done in three hours. A more aesthetically pleasing route for the mountain purist which avoids the ski area altogether begins on the A93 at the start of the track to Baddoch (grid reference ) and climbs the long north ridge to the summit. The view from the summit takes in the ski area to the south but in other directions there are excellent vistas of the mountains of the Mounth and the Cairngorms.</p><br>
<p>Castle Campbell is a medieval castle situated above the town of Dollar, Clackmannanshire, in central Scotland. It was the lowland seat of the earls and dukes of Argyll, chiefs of Clan Campbell, from the 15th to the 19th century, and was visited by Mary, Queen of Scots, in the 16th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The castle was originally known as Castle Gloom, possibly deriving from the glom, meaning a chasm, and referring to the narrow gorges to either side of the site. The naturally defended position may have been the site of a motte in the 12th century. The present tower was built in around 1430 for John Stewart, Lord Lorne (d.1463), or one of his kinsmen. About 1460, the property was acquired by Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll (d.1493), on his marriage to Isabel Stewart, Lord Lornes daughter. The first historical record of the castle dates from the following year, when Pope Paul II issued a bull against Walter Stewart, son of Lord Lorne, for attacking and damaging the "Place of Glowm". Campbell, who was at the papal court at the time, may have been instrumental in arranging the Popes intervention. The tower shows signs of early rebuilding following this episode.</p><br>
<p>The acquisition of Castle Gloom expanded the power of the Campbell family, from Argyll in the west into central Scotland, and suited Colin Campbells position as Master of the Household to King James III of Scotland, which required his frequent presence at court. In February 1490, Campbell petitioned the newly crowned King, James IV of Scotland, to formally change the name of Gloom to "Castle Campbell", and this was done by an act of parliament. The change in name may imply that the term "castle" was seen as particularly prestigious, requiring royal approval for its use. At this time, the castle would have comprised the tower house, with other buildings arranged around the courtyard and gardens outside. The east range was probably added first, and some time after the accession of the 2nd Earl in 1493, the large south range was begun. This building shows the influence of the contemporary works at Stirling Castle, now known as the Kings Old Building. It included a state apartment of hall, outer chamber and bedchamber, with large south-facing windows overlooking the gardens, and a view across the Devon Valley. The range also provided additional private lodgings, and was accessed via two symmetrically placed stairways facing the courtyard.</p><br>
<h3>16th century</h3><br>
<p>In the 16th century, the 4th Earl of Argyll (d.1558) embraced the cause of religious Reformation, and became one of the leading Protestant lords of his day. His family supported the Calvinist preacher John Knox while he was in Scotland in the 1550s. Knox visited Castle Campbell and preached there, some time in 1556. In January 1563 Mary, Queen of Scots, stayed at Castle Campbell on the occasion of the marriage of Margaret, sister to the 5th Earl of Argyll, and James Stewart, Lord Doune. However, on the marriage of Queen Mary and Lord Darnley two years later, Argyll joined other Protestant lords in rebellion. During the Chaseabout Raid which followed, Mary and Darnley received the surrender of Castle Campbell. In the more peaceful 1590s Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll, rebuilt the east range of the castle to link the south range with refurbished guest chambers in the tower. The new work consisted of a fine two-arched loggia facing the courtyard, with a façade of polished ashlar masonry above. Behind this were galleries, fashionable additions to the accommodation within the castle, and new stairs to north and south. The east range has been compared to the north courtyard façade at Crichton Castle which was erected around the same time. An inventory of 1595 records the furniture, tapestries, carpets and other items in each room of the castle, including a total of 47 beds.</p><br>
<h3>Destruction and later history</h3><br>
<p>The Earls of Argyll continued to support the Protestant cause, and in the religious conflicts of the mid-17th century Archibald Campbell, 8th Earl of Argyll, became the leader of the Presbyterian Covenanters, in opposition to the leading Royalist James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose. In 1645 Montroses troops, on their way to the Battle of Kilsyth, laid waste to the lands around Castle Campbell, including Dollar and Muckhart. Many of Montroses men were MacLeans, long-standing adversaries of the Campbells. The castle itself was undamaged, and no siege was attempted. In response, Argyll ordered the destruction of Menstrie Castle and Airthrie Castle, both seats of Royalists. After the execution of Charles I the Campbells initially supported Charles II, with Argyll placing the crown of Scotland on Charles head at Scone in 1651. However, Argyll opposed Charles invasion of England, and in 1652 he submitted to Oliver Cromwells Commonwealth. Cromwells forces were garrisoned in Castle Campbell in 1653. In July 1654, Royalist rebels attacked and burned Castle Campbell over two nights.</p><br>
<p>Argyll was executed following the Restoration of 1660 and his son, the 9th Earl, built Argyll&#39;s Lodging in Stirling rather than renovate Castle Campbell. Apart from being briefly garrisoned during the Jacobite rising of 1715 the castle was abandoned, and in 1805 the 6th Duke of Argyll sold it to Crawford Tait of Harviestoun, an adjacent estate. In 1859 Harviestoun, and Castle Campbell, was bought by businessman and former Lord Provost of Glasgow Sir Andrew Orr. His son James Orr had excavations carried out at the castle in the 1870s, turning up fragments of stained glass from the windows of the south range.</p><br>
<p>In 1948 the then-owners of the Harviestoun estate gave Dollar Glen to the National Trust for Scotland, who arranged for the castle to be cared for by the Ministry of Works. Restoration works have included a new roof on the tower, and excavations in the 1980s which revealed charred timbers from the 1654 burning. The castle is now managed by Historic Scotland as a scheduled ancient monument.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Frost Trail is a 47 mi long footpath that passes through the eastern Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts. The trail runs from the Connecticut River in South Hadley, Massachusetts to Ruggles Pond in Wendell State Forest, through both Hampshire and Franklin County and includes a number of scenic features such as the Holyoke Range, Mount Orient, Puffer&#39;s Pond, and Mount Toby. The trail is named after the poet Robert Frost, who lived and taught in the area from 1916 to 1938.</p><br>
<h2>Trail description</h2><br>
<p>Although only 47 miles long, the Robert Frost Trail takes in a diverse patchwork of habitats, terrain, and scenery. The trail traverses trap rock Metacomet Ridge with its microclimate ecosystems; wetland habitat; ponds; farmland; deep ravines; wooded ledges; river banks; reservoirs; historic mill ponds; and dense forests. One segment of the trail follows a narrow greenway that successfully weaves through a small suburban development; another passes through a revegetated landfill; and yet another follows a mowed path along railroad tracks.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Frost Trail has undergone periodic extensions to its length. The most recent included routing the trail over the western half of the Holyoke Range; a proposed northern extension would bring the trail to the Deerfield River. Out of date internet and print sources still describe the trail as either 33 or 40 miles ( or km) long.</p><br>
<p>The 110 mi Metacomet-Monadnock Trail intersects the Robert Frost Trail several times, as do a lengthy network of smaller trails (many managed by the Amherst Department of Conservation), allowing for a variety of loop-hike possibilities.</p><br>
<h3>Sections</h3><br>
<p>The southernmost section of the Robert Frost Trail weaves over and around the trap rock Holyoke Range several times. It follows the southern slopes of the range from Mount Holyoke to Mount Hitchcock, ascends Bare Mountain, then crosses to the north slope of the range before summiting Rattlesnake Knob (the eastern peak of Mount Norwottuck), and Long Mountain. Microclimate ecosystems, rare plant habitats, vernal pools, caves, and abrupt cliffs are the fare. Also located on this trail section are the Horse Caves, an overhang of sedimentary rock said to have been used as a bivouac by rebels during Shays&#39; Rebellion.</p><br>
<p>The middle section of the Robert Frost Trail traverses the Connecticut River Valley in the vicinity of eastern Amherst, south Leverett, and abutting towns. Highlights along the way include the 1,000 acre Lawrence Swamp, Pomroy Pond, Harkness Brook Ravine, Amethyst Brook, the Mount Orient ledges, Atkins Reservoir, Cushman Brook Ravine, Puffers Pond, and the Leverett Knobs. The ledges of Mount Orient and the swimming beach at Puffers Pond are popular locally. Harkness Brook, Amethyst Brook, and Cushman brook offer shaded brookside walking and cascades. Lawrence Swamp is a major local wildlife habitat and aquifer.</p><br>
<p>The northern section of the Robert Frost Trail traverses the summit of Mount Toby, Stoddard Hill, and Dry Hill. Features along the route include the Mount Toby firetower, Cranberry Pond, the Pigpen, a historic sawmill and dam, and Ruggles Pond in Wendell State Forest. Mount Toby, regarded as one of the most biologically diverse locations in New England, is a conglomerate rock massif unique in Massachusetts. The firetower on its summit provides panoramic views. Roaring Falls, located 0.25 mi off the Robert Frost Trail on Mount Toby, plunges 100 ft over ledges in a series of pools, chutes, and cataracts. Cranberry Pond, a glacial kettle pond, is popular for non-motorized boating and ice skating. The Pigpen is a 20 ft wide by 15 ft high natural rock enclosure overshadowed by steep ledges, while Ruggles Pond, the centerpiece of Wendell State Forest, is a popular swimming hole.</p><br>
<h3>Trail communities</h3><br>
<p>The Robert Frost Trail passes through land in the following incorporated towns: Hadley, South Hadley, Amherst, Granby, Belchertown, Pelham, Shutesbury, Leverett, Sunderland, Wendell and Montague.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The Robert Frost Trail might be divided into three general geo-ecological landscapes.</p><br>
<h3>The Holyoke Range and Mount Toby</h3><br>
<p>Both the Holyoke Range and Mount Toby were formed 200 million years ago between the end of the Triassic period and the beginning of the Jurassic. The Holyoke Range, part of the Metacomet Ridge that extends 100 mi south to Long Island Sound, are composed of basalt, an extrusive volcanic rock. This basalt ridge is the product of several massive lava flows hundreds of feet deep that welled up in faults created by the rifting apart of North America from Eurasia and Africa over a period of 20 million years. Basalt is a dark colored rock, but the iron within it weathers to a rusty brown when exposed to the air, lending it a distinct reddish appearance. Huge slopes made of fractured basalt scree, such as the one beneath the cliffs on Bare Mountain, are common.</p><br>
<p>Erosion occurring between the eruptions deposited deep layers of sediment between the lava flows, which eventually lithified into sedimentary rock, such as the conglomerate rock Mount Toby is composed of. The resulting "layer cake" of basalt and sedimentary sheets eventually faulted and tilted upward. Subsequent erosion wore away the weaker sedimentary layers a faster rate than the basalt layers, leaving the abruptly tilted edges of the basalt sheets exposed, creating the distinct linear ridge and dramatic cliff faces visible today. One way to imagine this is to picture a layer cake tilted slightly up with some of the frosting (the sedimentary layer) removed in between. A good example of this layer-cake structure can be found on the Robert Frost Trail beneath Mount Norwottuck at the Horse Caves. The summit of Norwottuck is made of basalt; directly beneath the summit are the Horse Caves, a deep overhang where the weaker sedimentary layer has worn away at a more rapid rate that the basalt layer above it. Mount Toby is also part of such a geologic layer cake. The bottom layer is composed of arkose sandstone, visible across the Connecticut River on Sugarloaf Mountain in Deerfield, Massachusetts. The middle layer is composed basalt; it is most visible as the geology of the Pocumtuck Ridge, to the northwest of Mount Toby. The top (youngest) layer is composed of Mount Toby Conglomerate.</p><br>
<p>Both Mount Toby and the Holyoke Range are considered among the most biodiverse areas in New England. The trap rock Holyoke Range hosts a combination of microclimates including dry oak savannas, moist ravines dense with eastern hemlock and cooler climate plant species, and talus slopes, rich in nutrients, support a number of calcium-loving plants uncommon in Massachusetts. Fern and orchid species are particularly prolific on Mount Toby; forty-two of forty-five possible native fern species grow there as do rare orchids such as the showy lady slipper and the ram’s head lady slipper.</p><br>
<p>The Holyoke Range is also an important seasonal raptor migration path.</p><br>
<h3>The eastern uplands</h3><br>
<p>Mount Orient and the section of the Robert Frost Trail north of Mount Toby, from Stoddard Hill to Ruggles Pond, belong to an upland plateau composed of 400 million year old metamorphic rock, mostly schist, gneiss and quartzite. The plateau, averaging 1,000 ft above sea level, is geologically related to the higher White Mountains of New Hampshire, farther to the north. The terrain is rugged with many woodland ledges and ravines.</p><br>
<p>The uplands support transitional forests of species common to both the oak-hickory and northern hardwood forest types. Ravines support significant stands of eastern hemlock. Tree and shrub species also include sugar maple; red maple; gray, black, paper, and yellow birch; white ash; black oak and red oak; striped maple and mountain laurel.</p><br>
<h3>River valley and floodplain</h3><br>
<p>A third of the Robert Frost Trail is located within the bottomlands of the Connecticut River Valley, a relatively flat landscape with occasional rounded hills. The underlying strata is sedmientary rock, and the area has a long history of successful agriculture dating back to pre-colonial times. Soils are rich enough to support a commercial tobacco crop. The area is characterized by wetlands, meadering brooks with deeply cut banks, agricultural land, and patches of northern riverine forest and red maple swamp. Tree species include willow, American elm, and sycamore. The Connecticut River is 1,300 ft from bank to bank at the southern terminus of the Robert Frost Trail and is navigable by power boat. Seasonal spring flooding replenishes the nutrients in the surrounding agricultural land.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Robert Frost Trail, blazed with orange rectangles, is considered easy hiking with occasional rugged sections. It is open to hiking, snowshoeing, picnicking, and other passive activities. Swimming and fishing are possible at a number of locations. Hunting is permitted in some areas, in season. Much of the trail is also suitable for cross country skiing or backcountry skiing, and some sections are open to mountain biking and horseback riding.</p><br>
<p>Potential trail-use hazards include poison ivy and deer ticks (which are known to carry Lyme Disease). Poisonous snakes are considered extremely rare or extinct along the Robert Frost Trail. Although the trail environs are black bear habitat, problem encounters with bears are rare.</p><br>
<p>Guides, maps, and trail descriptions are available from a variety of sources, most notably the town of Amherst Conservation Department, and the Appalachian Mountain Club. Publications are available for purchase at the Amherst town hall and at local bookstores and hiking outfitters. However, most trail maps are out of date. Published in 2004, the official trail guide only mentions the west Holyoke range section of the trail to be in development. Other online resources acknowledge that the trail guide is out of date, but fail to provide updated information on this new section.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>A patchwork of state land, town land, and privately owned land, the Robert Frost Trail is managed and maintained by a local cooperative effort. Partners include town governments, private landowners, the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, the Five Colleges, and several conservation non-profit organizations.</p><br>
<p>The Old Sheldon Church Ruins is a historic site located in northern Beaufort County, South Carolina, approximately 17 miles  north of Beaufort in the Sheldon area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Known also as the Sheldon Church or Old Sheldon Church, the building was originally known as Prince William&#39;s Parish Church. The church was built as a chapel of ease in the English Georgian style, using the Roman Tuscan or Doric order, between 1745 and 1753.</p><br>
<p>The traditional understanding is that Prince William&#39;s was burned by the British in 1779 during the Revolutionary War, rebuilt in 1826, and then burned again in 1865 during the Civil War:</p><br>
<p>However, an alternative view has more recently come to light. In a letter dated February 3, 1866, Miton Leverett wrote that "Sheldon Church not burnt. Just torn up in the inside, but can be repaired." In this view, the inside of the church was apparently gutted to reuse materials to rebuild homes burnt by Shermans army.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The ruins lie among majestic oaks and scattered graves. Inside the ruins of the church lie the remains of Colonel William Bull, who "greatly assisted General Oglethorpe in establishing the physical layout of Savannah, Georgia. Bull surveyed the land in 1733 to form the basic grid pattern of the streets and squares." The ruins proved to be a popular site in the Lowcountry for photographers and wedding ceremonies in contemporary times. As of October 2015, the Old Sheldon ruins are not available to the public for hosting wedding ceremonies; however, an annual service is held the second Sunday after Easter.</p><br>
<p>The River Eske  is a river in the northwest of Ireland in County Donegal in Ulster, beginning at Lough Eske in southeast County Donegal before flowing mainly westwards to the town of Donegal and into the Atlantic via Donegal Bay.</p><br>
<p>Donegal Town is the only major settlement through which it flows. Despite its size, the river is well known for fishing, especially for spring salmon, sea trout and char, with the season running from 1 March to 30 September.</p><br>
<p>The river flows in the Bluestack Mountains which are to the north of Donegal Town. In the town, it passes several tourist attractions, one of which is Donegal Castle, the former seat of the ODonnell Clan, the ancient rulers of the Lordship of Tyrconnell (roughly similar to modern day County Donegal without the Inishowen Peninsula). The mouth of the river is directly opposite a former Franciscan Abbey which was built by the ODonnells but was destroyed by the English following the Flight of the Earls in 1607.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges</h2><br>
<p>Almost as soon as the river parts from Lough Eske, it is crossed by Lough Eske Bridge; the river then flows in a southwest direction towards Donegal Town with the next crossing some two kilometres (1.2 miles) down stream at what is called Thrushbank Bridge; it continues southwestwards and is crossed by the N56 section of the Donegal Town By-pass by a new concrete bridge.</p><br>
<p>From this new bridge it heads southwards were the smaller Drummenny River joins it before it heads westwards into the town, flowing past the Community Hospital. The river flows through three bridges in the actual town: the first and newest of the bridges is at Water Street, there have been several bridges at this site since at least the 1830s which included wooden and concrete structures, the current bridge was erected in 2004. From Water Street the Eske flows westwards and is bridged at Tyrconnell Street, this bridge is known as the Iron Bridge for self-explanatory reasons and was constructed in 1895 although drawings show a bridge at the site from earlier in the century, the bridge is being lined up for replacement because of its worsening state. The river finally flows southwards to Bridge Street, this is a three arched bridge originally constructed in between 1835 and 1840 and is now on the Record of Protected Structures as of 2003, this bridge is close to the site of the original crossing of the river. After this final bridge the river meets with the sea, flowing into Donegal Bay.</p><br>
<p>Little Monadnock Mountain, 1,900 ft, is located in the towns of Fitzwilliam and Troy, New Hampshire. Most of the mountain is located within Rhododendron State Park; there are scenic vistas from ledges just below the summit. The 110 mile Metacomet-Monadnock Trail crosses the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is flanked by Gap Mountain four miles northeast and by the Franconia Range (not the major ridge in the White Mountains), 4.5 miles to the west; its south and east slopes drain into the Tully River, then to the Millers River, thence to the Connecticut River and Long Island Sound, while its north and west slopes drain into the Ashuelot River, thence to the Connecticut River.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>The summit ledges of Little Monadnock Mountain are accessible via the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail or by the shorter route from the Rhododendron State Park headquarters/trailhead in Fitzwilliam (1.2 mi/1.9 km to the summit). A loop (4.1 mi/6.5 km) via both trails is possible. The mountain is open to hiking, picnicking, and snowshoeing in the winter. Leashed pets are allowed in Rhododendron State Park.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>YMCA Philadelphia, also the Philadelphia Freedom Valley YMCA was founded on June 15, 1854 by George H. Stuart, a prominent Philadelphia business man and importer. The goal of the Association was to reach “the many thousands of neglected youth not likely to be brought under any moral influence by any other means."</p><br>
<p>The Philadelphia Freedom Valley YMCA is a community service organization that promotes positive values through programs that help to build strong kids, strong families and strong communities. Over the years, the Philadelphia Freedom Valley YMCA has grown to include 15 branches and 55 program sites throughout the Greater Philadelphia area.</p><br>
<h2>Branches</h2><br>
<h3>Abington</h3><br>
<p>The Abington YMCA, serving Abington, Jenkintown, Cheltenham, Willow Grove and the surrounding communities, offers a wide range of programs for children and teens including swim lessons, sports, fitness, child care and day camps. For adults and seniors, the Y has personal training, a variety of group exercise classes, wellness orientations and free babysitting services.</p><br>
<h3>Ambler</h3><br>
<p>The Ambler Area YMCA, serving Ambler, Fort Washington, Blue Bell, Horsham, North Wales and the surrounding communities, offers a wide range of programs for children and teens including swim lessons, sports, fitness, karate and day camps. For adults and seniors, the Y has personal training, a variety of group exercise classes, water aerobics and free babysitting services.</p><br>
<h3>Audubon</h3><br>
<p>The Audubon YMCA, serving West and East Norriton, Blue Bell, King of Prussia, Norristown and the surrounding communities, offers a wide range of programs for children and teens including swim lessons, sports, fitness, child care and day camps. For adults and seniors, the Y has personal training, a variety of group exercise classes, wellness orientations and free babysitting services.</p><br>
<h3>Christian Street</h3><br>
<p>The Christian Street YMCA, serving South Philadelphia, Center City and the surrounding communities, offers a wide range of programs for children and teens including swim lessons, sports, fitness, child care and day camps. For adults and seniors, the Y has personal training, a variety of group exercise classes, wellness orientations and free babysitting services.</p><br>
<h3>Columbia North</h3><br>
<p>The Columbia North YMCA, serving North Philadelphia, Fairmount, Kensington, Port Richmond and the surrounding communities, offers a wide range of programs for children and teens including swim lessons, sports, fitness, child care and day camps. For adults and seniors, the Y has personal training, a variety of group exercise classes, wellness orientations and free babysitting services.</p><br>
<h3>Hatboro</h3><br>
<p>The Hatboro Area YMCA, serving Hatboro, Horsham, Warminster, Willow Grove and the surrounding communities, offers a wide range of programs for children and teens including swim lessons, sports, fitness, gymnastics and day camps. For adults and seniors, the Y has personal training, a variety of group exercise classes, wellness orientations and free babysitting services.</p><br>
<h3>Haverford</h3><br>
<p>The Haverford YMCA, serving Havertown and the surrounding Main Line communities of Bryn Mawr, Villanova, Ardmore and Haverford, offers a wide range of programs for children and teens including swim lessons, sports, fitness, child care and day camps. For adults and seniors, the Y has personal training, a variety of group exercise classes, wellness orientations and free babysitting services.</p><br>
<h3>Northeast</h3><br>
<p>The Northeast Family YMCA, serving Northeast Philadelphia, Somerton, Bustleton, Normandy and the surrounding communities, offers a wide range of programs for children and teens including swim lessons, sports, fitness, child care and day camps. For adults and seniors, the Y has personal training, a variety of group exercise classes, wellness orientations and free babysitting services.</p><br>
<h3>Phoenixville</h3><br>
<p>The Phoenixville YMCA, serving Phoenixville, Valley Forge, King of Prussia, Malvern, Audubon, Spring City, Royersford, Collegville and Kimberton, offering a wide range of programs for children and teens including swim lessons, sports, fitness, child care and day camps. For adults and seniors, the Y has personal training, a variety of group exercise classes, wellness orientations and free babysitting services.</p><br>
<h3>Pottstown</h3><br>
<p>The Pottstown YMCA, serving Pottstown, Norristown, Broomall and Reading, offers a wide range of programs for children and teens including swim lessons, sports, fitness, child care and day camps. For adults and seniors, the Y has personal training, a variety of group exercise classes, wellness orientations and free babysitting services.</p><br>
<h3>Rocky Run</h3><br>
<p>The Rocky Run YMCA, serving Media, Aston, Newtown Square, Edgemont, Springfield and the surrounding communities, offers a wide range of programs for children and teens including swim lessons, sports, fitness, child care and day camps. For adults and seniors, the Y has personal training, a variety of group exercise classes, wellness orientations and free babysitting services.</p><br>
<h3>Roxborough</h3><br>
<p>The Roxborough YMCA, serving Roxborough, Manayunk, Lafayette Hill, Chestnut Hill and the surrounding communities, offers a wide range of programs for children and teens including swim lessons, sports, fitness, child care and day camps. For adults and seniors, the Y has personal training, a variety of group exercise classes, wellness orientations and free babysitting services.</p><br>
<h3>Spring Valley</h3><br>
<p>The Spring Valley YMCA, serving Limerick, Pottstown, Harleysville, Lansdale, Skippack, Collegeville and the surrounding communities, offers a wide range of programs for children and teens including swim lessons, sports, fitness, child care and day camps. For adults and seniors, the Y has personal training, a variety of group exercise classes, wellness orientations and free babysitting services.</p><br>
<h3>Upper Perkiomen</h3><br>
<p>The Upper Perkiomen YMCA, serving Pennsburg, Doylestown, Allentown, Quakertown and the surrounding communities, offers a wide range of programs for children and teens including swim lessons, sports, fitness, child care and day camps. For adults and seniors, the Y has personal training, a variety of group exercise classes, wellness orientations and free babysitting services.</p><br>
<h3>West Philadelphia</h3><br>
<p>The West Philadelphia YMCA, serving West Philadelphia, Wynnefield, Elmwood and the surrounding communities, offers a wide range of programs for children and teens including swim lessons, sports, fitness, child care and day camps. For adults and seniors, the Y has personal training, a variety of group exercise classes, wellness orientations and free babysitting services.</p><br>
<h2>Historic building</h2><br>
<p>The Y.M.C.A. Armed Forces Building, also known as the Young Men&#39;s Christian Association and the Navy Central YMCA Annex, built 1926 to 1928, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It has been converted into luxury apartments</p><br>
<p>Parker&#39;s Notch, named after former Commissioner of the Northwest Territories, John Havelock Parker, is a protrusion of the Northwest Territories southwards into Nunavut on Victoria Island. In the Northwest Territories the protrusion is part of the Inuvik Region and the Kitikmeot Region in Nunavut.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Parker&#39;s Notch is located on the Wollaston Peninsula in southwestern Victoria Island. The notch protrudes south from the 70th parallel north and encompasses most of Quunnguq Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Formation</h2><br>
<p>Parker&#39;s Notch was formed as a result of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement (IFA). The agreement, signed on June 5, 1984 after 10 years of negotiations, created the Inuvialuit Settlement Region. In the agreement, the Inuvialuit were given legal control over 91,000 km&sup2; of land, including subsurface rights to 13,000 km&sup2; of oil, gas and minerals.</p><br>
<p>The agreement also set the border between the Inuvialuit region and the Northwest Territories. The border agreement included a notch of land on the east-west line on Victoria Island that would encompass Quunnguq Lake. Quunnguq Lake was a traditional hunting and fishing location for the Inuvialuit, and was included in the IFA to protect access to the lake to them. The notch was later reaffirmed in the 1993 Nunavut Act.</p><br>
<p>Mons Hill is a hill situated in Dudley, West Midlands of England.</p><br>
<p>It is a wooded hill which straddles the border of Dudley and Sedgley, standing to the north of the much more famous Wren&#39;s Nest hill.</p><br>
<p>It was originally situated within the borders of Sedgley (then in the county of Staffordshire), but to allow the development of nearby land as the Priory Estate in 1926 the borders were altered and the hill has since been within the boundaries of Dudley (then in Worcestershire).</p><br>
<p>From 1965 until 1990, Mons Hill gave its name to a neighbouring secondary school which is now part of Dudley College.</p><br>
<p>Its shared name with Mons Road in the Kates Hill area of Dudley is a coincidence, as that road&#39;s name was taken from the Battle of Mons during World War I.</p><br>
<p>http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/How-1920146s-Dudley-honoured-Nurse-Cavell-2.htm</p><br>
<p>Mount Pangrango is a dormant stratovolcano located in the Sunda Arc of West Java, Indonesia. The mountain formed by a subduction zone on the southern coast of Java facing the Indian Ocean. It is located about 80 km south of Jakarta, capital of Indonesia.</p><br>
<p>It has the height of 3,019 m. Its peak is called Mandalawangi. The mountain located northwest of Mount Gede in the vicinity of Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name Pangrango is speculated to be originated from two ancient Sundanese words Pang and Rango which means "That which huffs and puffs" referring to the past volcanic activity of this mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Mandalawangi peak of the mountain is a tripoint where the borders of Bogor, Cianjur and Sukabumi Regency meet. It is the second highest mountain in West Java after Mount Cereme. Mount Pangrango ranked 26th of the Ribus of Indonesia with topographic prominence of 2,426 m. The mountain is clearly seen from Bogor & Sukabumi, while it is slightly obscured by the neighboring Mount Gede if seen from Cianjur. On a very clear day it can be seen from Jakarta.</p><br>
<p>Mount Orient, 955 feet , is a south-facing high point on an upland plateau overlooking the Connecticut River Valley in Pelham, Massachusetts . Although the summit is wooded, a lower, south-facing ledge of exfoliating metamorphic rock provides views of the Holyoke Range and the east-central Pioneer Valley. Both the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail and the Robert Frost Trail  traverse Mount Orient. The ledge is a popular hiking destination among college students and residents of nearby Amherst. Easiest access is via the Amethyst Brook Conservation Area parking lot on Pelham Road in east Amherst.</p><br>
<p>Mount Orient drains into Heatherstone Brook and Amethyst Brook, thence into Fort River, the Connecticut River, and Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<p>The Hon. Bazaleel Taft House is a historic house at 240 South Main Street in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. The oldest portion of this now-large house was built c. 1780-90 by Bazaleel Taft, and is a fine regional example of late Georgian architecture. The house was adapted for use as a restaurant in the 1960s, which has since closed. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bazaleel Taft House is located south of Uxbridge center on Massachusetts Route 122 at the intersection with the northern terminus of Massachusetts Route 146A.</p><br>
<p>It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a two-level hip roof and clapboarded exterior. Attached to its east and north are a modern addition made as part of the building&#39;s restaurant conversion. The house as two primary facades, one facing west and the other south. Each is five bays wide, with a center entrance flanked by pilasters and topped by a transom window, entablature, and gabled pediment. The lower level of the roof on the west side has three gabled dormers.</p><br>
<p>The exact construction date of the house is not known. The property on which it stands had a long association with the locally prominent Taft family, beginning with Daniel Taft in the early 18th century. The house is considered locally to have been built around 1790, by Bazaleel Taft, Daniels grandson. Taft was like his father the towns largest landowner of the period, and was active in local and state politics, serving as a state representative and senator, and on the Massachusetts Governors Council. Tafts son-in-law, Joseph Thayer, and his daughter Chloe next occupied the house; Thayer was instrumental in furthering construction of the , which passed through Taft family land east of the house.</p><br>
<p>The house was converted into a restaurant in the late 1960s, serving in that role until 2008. The property has since stood vacant.</p><br>
<h2>Local legends</h2><br>
<p>During the restaurant conversion, a Hessian sword was found in one of the walls, supporting a local legend that German mercenaries had visited the property as they marched through the Blackstone Valley during the Revolutionary War. The renovations uncovered a number of cubby holes throughout the mansion, constructed for no apparent reason, which supported another local legend that hiding spots were designed to conceal escaped slaves on the Underground Railroad to Canada.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Adams House is a historic house located at 85 North Main Street, in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. Probably built before 1792, it is a good quality example of Federal period architecture, built for a prominent local lawyer and businessman. On October 7, 1983, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Benjamin Adams House is located north of the center of Uxbridge, on the east side of North Main Street just beyond its junction with Seagrave Street. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof and symmetrically placed interior brick chimneys. The exterior is finished in aluminum siding, but retains its five-bay front facade. The main entrance is sheltered by a shallow hip-roof portico, supported by paired paneled square columns, which rise to an entablature and modillioned eave. The entrance is framed by sidelight windows and topped by a semi-oval fanlight window. An enclosed hip-roof porch extends across the right side. The house had an associated 19th-century barn into the late 20th century; a modern block of condominiums extends to the rear over its site.</p><br>
<p>The house was most likely built sometime before 1792; it exhibits high-quality Federal styling despite the application of modern siding. Benjamin Adams, probably its first owner, was an early 19th-century United States Congressman, lawyer, and banker. For much of the 19th century, it was owned by members of the Gunn family, including a manufacturer of men&#39;s suits and a pharmacist.</p><br>
<p>Namonuito Atoll, also called Namonweito, Weito, or Magur Islands, is the largest atoll of the Federated States of Micronesia and of the Caroline Islands with a total area of 2,267 km², unless one considers the still larger Chuuk  Lagoon as a type of atoll in an early stage of development. In Micronesia, only Kwajalein Atoll of the Marshall Islands is still larger.</p><br>
<p>Namonuito Atoll lies in the northwestern region (Oksoritod) of Chuuk State, the largest federal state of the Federated States of Micronesia, about 170 km northwest of Chuuk Lagoon (measured from Pisaras Islet to the northern and western parts of the fringing reef of Chuuk Lagoon. It is roughly triangular in shape, with the base running 82 km along its southern side. The southwest corner of the triangle is marked by Ulul islet, the main island (largest and most populated), also called Onoun. The other islets lie mostly on the northeast side, from Pisaras islet in the southeast corner to Magur (Makur) islet in the north corner. The 12 islets have an aggregate land area of only 4.5 km². The total population is 1.341 (census of 2000).</p><br>
<p>The reef rim of the atoll is submerged for the greater part and is marked by the lighter colour of the water over it. The depths on the reef range from 0.9 to 18.3 m. The reef appears to be in the process of formation and can be crossed at many places. The lagoon is not of uniform depth. Except for a 5.5 m patch, located 22 km west of Pisaras island, and a detached reef, with depths of 2.7 to 3.7 m, located about 10 km of Pisaras, there appears to be a depth greater than 9 m on the scattered lagoon coral heads.</p><br>
<p>Pisaras Island has coconut palms and other trees growing on it. Reefs extend northwest and WNW from the island, enclosing a shallow and foul bay. Ulul Island is densely covered with coconut</p><br>
<p>palms. A drying reef fringes the island. There is a radio station on the island.</p><br>
<p>The atoll is home to five of the 40 municipalities of Chuuk state, listed in counterclockwise sequence, with population (2000):</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Namonuito was first visited by Spanish explores on the galleon San Jerónimo on 5 July 1566. At Pisaras Island, the rebel pilot Lope Martín and his gang of mutineers (thirteen soldiers and thirteen sailors) murdered Captain Pero Sánchez Pericón and other expedition members, and were subsequently marooned.</p><br>
<p>Onou Island was later visited by Spanish naval officer Juan Antonio de Ibargoitia commanding the vessel Filipino in 1801 who charted it as Anonima (Anonymous).</p><br>
<p>The North Uxbridge School, also known as the Virginia A. Blanchard School, is an historic school building at 87 East Hartford Avenue in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1873 and enlarged in 1900, it served as a public school until 2002. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 for its architectural and community significance. It is slated in 2015 to be converted into affordable housing.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Blanchard School is located on the south side of Hartford Avenue East, between Boston and School Streets, a short way east of the center of Uxbridge. It is a large two-story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. The roof is capped by an octagonal cupola which is set on a square base with surrounding balustrade, and capped by a bell-shaped roof. The front facade, facing north, is nine bays wide, with sash windows in the outermost three bays on each side, and narrower sash windows on the second floor in the center three bays. The entrance is in the center bay on the ground floor, with flanking pilasters and an entablature above, and oval windows in the flanking bays. To the rear of this is the older (1873) portion of the school, also two stories in height, with a bracketed cornice and corner boards with arched panels.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the school was built in 1873 on land donated by the Uxbridge Cotton Mill, and was the first of the town&#39;s district schools. This Italianiate building, which housed four classrooms, was enlarged in 1900 with the Colonial Revival structure now at the front. For many years it was named in honor of Virginia Blanchard, a longtime teacher and principal in the school system. When the school was closed in 2002, it was the oldest district school in the state in active service. As of 2015 the building stands vacant, with plans moving forward to convert it to affordable housing.</p><br>
<p>The Friends Meetinghouse is an historic Friends Meeting House of the Religious Society of Friends  located at the junction of Routes 146A  and 98  in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. On January 24, 1974, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Friends Meeting House is one of the last crude brick church structures remaining in America. This building is on the National Registry of Historic Buildings. The Friends Meeting House was built in Uxbridge, Massachusetts in 1770, by Quakers from the Quaker Community in Smithfield, Rhode Island. It was built on the farm of Moses Farnum, circa 1769, from bricks made from a brickyard across the street. The structure is two stories and has a balcony. In the Quaker tradition there were separate entrances and meeting places for men and women. The "Quaker City" settlement is one of the earliest resettlements of Quakers into the Massachusetts Colony following their expulsion by the Puritans in the 17th century.</p><br>
<p>Friends Meeting house is a brick, two-story house with a rectangular gabled roof at 479 Quaker Hwy.</p><br>
<h2>Rhode Island Quakers, Abby Kelley Foster, Effingham Capron</h2><br>
<p>Quakers and others from Rhode Island and Massachusetts maintain this building, and unprogrammed Quaker worship is held there weekly. One of the founding members of this church was the Mowry family of Rhode Island. Richard Mowry was an influential member at Quaker City who constructed machines to manufacture woolens and cotton, thus becoming a pioneer in the American industrial revolution. He was a devout Quaker who traveled throughout the Northeastern US carrying his gospel far and wide. Mowry had other inventions to his credit and is viewed as an early pioneer of the Industrialization of the very early textile industrial center at Uxbridge from the time of the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>This historic church was the church home for fiery abolitionist, Abby Kelley Foster. She was an ultra-abolitionist who led Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone into the abolition movement. She was later disowned in 1841, by the Uxbridge Meeting for radical abolition speeches to mixed gender audiences.</p><br>
<p>At least one other Nationally known anti-slavery champion belonged to the Uxbridge meeting. Effingham Capron was an ardent anti-slavery advocate who led the movement at Uxbridge (450 local members) and served as Vice President of the State and National anti-slavery societies. Effingham brought key leaders to speak in Uxbridge in the 1830s and was widely known for his anti-slavery efforts and for his active work as a "liberator" by housing slaves on the underground railroad. Effingham was the local mill owner of the Capron mill and Uxbridge was an important junction (the canal towpath and later railroad with the turnpike from Connecticut and points south) for slaves making their way to the free African communities in the Blackstone Valley and Worcester. The Worcester area was a hotbed for the anti-slavery movement and the Quaker Meeting House was a nodal point in this activity.</p><br>
<p>The earliest Quakers who settled here from Smithfield and Providence, RI, were among the first in America who personally renounced slavery and freed slaves. The early Quakers here were related to the religious group of Moses Brown, who helped found Brown University. There are a number of Quaker homes built in this area, which was known as Quaker City, Aldrich Village, and the village of Ironstone, Massachusetts. The cemetery at this location is also a source of history. This church, listed in the Vital Records of Uxbridge as C.R. 4, church records 4, records the death of various members of the Arnold family of Uxbridge. "Sarah Arnold", widow of Benedict, died at the age of 83 on February 14, 1836 according to the Uxbridge vital records. It was believed that Peggy Shippen, the second wife of General Benedict Arnold, the Revolutionary War general and infamous traitor, returned from England to Uxbridge, incognito. She may have returned to her roots in the Quaker tradition at this Friend&#39;s Meetinghouse, following her upbringing as a Quaker in Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>An almshouse cemetery nearby was relocated with the Route 146 construction between 1981–1984 and resulted in historic archeology findings published by Boston University researchers.</p><br>
<p>The Zadock Taft House is a historic house at 115 South Main Street in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. Probably built in the 18th century, it received its present Greek Revival styling in the 1840s or 1850s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Zadock Taft House stands south of the center of Uxbridge, on the west side of South Main Street just north of its junction with Newell Road. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof, two interior brick chimneys, and a clapboarded exterior. A single-story porch extends across the front facade. The building corners are pilastered, and the main entrance is framed by sidelight windows, pilasters and a corniced entablature. Windows are rectangular sash, with slightly capped lintels above.</p><br>
<p>The land on which the house stands has a long assocation with the locally prominent Taft family. As early as 1708 it was the farm of Joseph Taft, who helped oversee construction of Uxbridges first meetinghouse in 1728-30. It is unclear from the documentary record whether the present house is a surviving element of Joseph Tafts farm, or if it was built by a later 18th-century generation. It is shown on an 1855 map of the town in its present configuration. It was acquired in the 1860s by Zadock Taft, a great-grandson of Joseph, who owned several industrial concerns in the area, including a half interest in the Rivulet Mill Complex.</p><br>
<p>The Richard Sayles House is an historic house at 80 Mendon Street, in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. It is a distinctive local example of Federal period architecture executed in granite. It is further notable has the home from about 1859 onward of Richard Sayles, a local mill worker, executive, and later owner. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 7, 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house is located on the north side of Mendon Street (Massachusetts Route 16), just east of the St. Mary Parish church complex. The house is a two-story stone structure, five bays wide, built out of ashlar granite and topped by a hip roof. Its front facade is symmetrical, with the entrance set at the center in a keystoned round-arch opening with a semicircular transom. The windows in the other bays have projecting sills and lintels, but are otherwise unadorned.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1820, and its first owner is presently unknown. It was purchased about 1859 by Richard Sayles, a leading figure in the textile mills of Uxbridge. Sayles, a native of Providence, Rhode Island, was educated at Uxbridge Academy, and worked in the local mills 1841-47. By 1852, he had risen to supervise construction of the Central Woolen Mill, which he and Israel Southwick leased 1859-61. In 1864, he purchased the Rivulet Mill, which he owned, generally in partnership with others, until his death in 1887. Sayles was also a philanthropist, funding construction of the North Uxbridge Baptist Church despite his own Unitarian beliefs. The house was sold to the Calument Mill company after his death, and was probably used as worker housing.</p><br>
